Nokea
The nurse notes that a patient's eosinophil level is elevated. For which health problem should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Cancer
- B. Allergic reactions
- C. Acute viral infections
- D. Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated eosinophil level indicates an allergic reaction. Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic responses. They increase in response to allergens. Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to harmless substances, triggering the release of eosinophils. Cancer, acute viral infections, and autoimmune diseases typically do not directly cause eosinophil elevation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Allergic reactions).
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Signal 2 for T cell activation is
- A. Necessary for re-activation of memory T cells
- B. Required to develop tolerance to self-antigens
- C. Mediated by CD3
- D. Essential for the activation of naïve T cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Signal 2 is essential for the activation of naïve T cells. Signal 1 provides the antigen recognition, while Signal 2, typically provided by co-stimulatory molecules, is required for full T cell activation. A is incorrect because Signal 2 is not specifically for memory T cell re-activation. B is incorrect because Signal 2 is not related to self-tolerance, which is typically maintained by regulatory T cells. C is incorrect because CD3 is a component of the T cell receptor complex, not the primary mediator of Signal 2.
A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and management of acute joint inflammation. Which information obtained in the admission laboratory testing concerns you most?
- A. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is elevated.
- B. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level is increased.
- C. The anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test is positive.
- D. The lupus erythematosus (LE) cell prep is positive.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An elevated BUN level may indicate kidney involvement which is a serious complication of SLE. The other findings are expected in SLE and do not indicate an urgent problem. CRP is a marker of inflammation and positive ANA and LE cell prep are diagnostic of SLE but do not indicate acute complications.
What type of cells do natural killer (NK) cells target?
- A. Bacterial cells
- B. Virus-infected and cancerous cells
- C. Plasma cells
- D. Self-antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Natural killer (NK) cells target virus-infected and cancerous cells because they have the ability to recognize abnormal cells through activating receptors. These cells can identify changes in surface markers associated with viral infection or cancer, leading to their destruction. NK cells do not target bacterial cells (choice A), plasma cells (choice C), or self-antigens (choice D) as these are not typically recognized as threats by the immune system. NK cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance against abnormal cells, making choice B the correct answer.
A co-receptor on target cells for HIV is
- A. gp120
- B. CR4
- C. CR5
- D. CXCR4
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: CXCR4. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that serves as a co-receptor for HIV entry into target cells. Step 1: HIV binds to CD4 receptor on the target cell. Step 2: The viral envelope protein gp120 then interacts with either CXCR4 or CCR5 co-receptor to facilitate viral entry. Step 3: In the case of CXCR4-tropic HIV strains, CXCR4 is the co-receptor used for entry into the target cell. Therefore, choice D is correct. Choices A (gp120) and C (CR5) are incorrect as they are not co-receptors, while choice B (CR4) is not a known co-receptor for HIV entry.
Which isotype plays a major role in opsonization of antigens?
- A. IgM
- B. IgG
- C. IgA
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IgG. IgG plays a major role in opsonization by binding to antigens and marking them for phagocytosis. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection but is not as effective in opsonization. IgA primarily protects mucosal surfaces. IgD is involved in the activation of B cells, not opsonization. In summary, IgG is the correct choice due to its specific role in opsonization compared to the other isotypes.