Nokea
The nurse understands that which cells circulate throughout the body looking for virus-infected cells and cancer cells?
- A. Natural killer cells
- B. Cytokines
- C. Interleukins
- D. Interferons
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Natural killer cells are lymphocyte-like cells that circulate throughout the body looking for virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Cytokines are chemical messengers released by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. Interleukins carry messages between leukocytes and tissues that form blood cells. Interferons are chemicals that primarily protect cells from viral infections.
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An older adult client, who leads a sedentary lifestyle, and a younger client, who has a very stressful and active lifestyle, require a vaccine against a particular viral disorder. The nurse knows that in one of these clients, the vaccine will be less effective. In which client is the vaccine more likely to be less effective and why?
- A. The older client because of age
- B. The older client because of lifestyle
- C. The younger client because of age
- D. The younger client because of lifestyle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vaccines are less effective in an older adult than in a younger adult because the activity of the immune system declines with the aging process. The lifestyle of the client does not have great implications on the effectiveness of a vaccine.
A client is informed of having a low white blood cell count and being at risk for the development of infections. The client asks, 'Where do I make new white blood cells?' What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. White blood cells are produced in the plasma.
- B. White blood cells are produced in the thymus gland.
- C. White blood cells are produced in the lymphatic tissue.
- D. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: White blood cells (leukocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. They are not produced in the plasma, thymus gland, or the lymphatic tissue.
The nursing students are learning about the immune system in their anatomy and physiology class. What would these students learn is a component of the immune system?
- A. Stem cells
- B. Cytokines
- C. Lymphoid tissues
- D. Red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The immune system actually is a collection of specialized white blood cells and lymphoid tissues that cooperate to protect a person from external invaders and the body's own altered cells. The function of these structures is assisted and supported by the activities of natural killer cells, antibodies, and nonantibody proteins such as cytokines and the complement system. Red blood cells and stem cells are not part of the immune system.
A client asks the nurse about the importance of taking supplements to maximize immune function. The client is healthy and does not have any medical problems. What is the best information to give to the client?
- A. Instead of taking supplements, eat a lot of fruits and vegetables to maximize immune function.
- B. Adopt a vegetarian diet and omit all meats, and you will maximize immune function.
- C. You should take a variety of vitamin and mineral supplements to maximize immune function.
- D. Eating a moderate diet that is balanced and varied will maximize immune function.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Until more is known about nutrient interactions, the best dietary advice to maximize immune function in healthy people is to eat a moderate diet that is balanced and varied. Eating fruits and vegetables and a vegetarian lifestyle may be healthy choices but do not maximize immune function as a balanced diet will.
What type of immunoglobulin does the nurse recognize that promotes the release of vasoactive chemicals such as histamine when a client is having an allergic reaction?
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgM
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgE promotes the release of vasoactive chemicals such as histamine and bradykinin in allergic, hypersensitivity, and inflammatory reactions. IgG neutralizes bacterial toxins and accelerates phagocytosis. IgA interferes with the entry of pathogens through exposed structures or pathways. IgM agglutinates antigens and lyses cell walls.