Nokea
The anatomy and physiology instructor is explaining a cell-mediated response to the pre-nursing students. What actions would the instructor explain occur in a cell-mediated response?
- A. Toxins of invading antigens are neutralized.
- B. The invading antigens link together (agglutination).
- C. The invading antigens precipitate.
- D. T-cell lymphocytes survey proteins in the body and attack the invading antigens.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During a cell-mediated response, T-cell lymphocytes survey proteins in the body, actively analyze the surface features, and respond to those that differ from the host by directly attacking the invading antigen. For example, a cell-mediated response occurs when an organ is transplanted. Immunoglobulins hinder the antigens physically by neutralizing their toxins through agglutination or by causing them to precipitate.
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A parent of a child who has been having frequent bouts of tonsillitis brings the child back to the clinic for another sore throat. The parent asks the nurse, 'What are tonsils good for anyway?' What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. They really do not have a function and should be removed.
- B. These tissues filter bacteria from tissue fluid.
- C. The tissue acts as an emergency reservoir of blood.
- D. The tissue removes blood and bacteria.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tonsils and adenoids filter bacteria from tissue fluid. Because they are exposed to pathogens in the oral cavity, they can become infected and locally inflamed. The spleen acts as an emergency reservoir of blood and removes blood and bacteria, not the tonsils.
A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia. The client informs the nurse of having several drug allergies. The physician has ordered an antibiotic as well as several other medications for cough and fever. What should the nurse do prior to administering the medications?
- A. Administer the medications that the physician ordered.
- B. Call the pharmacy and let them know the client has several drug allergies.
- C. Consult drug references to make sure the medicines do not contain substances to which the client is hypersensitive.
- D. Give the client one medicine at a time and observe for allergic reactions.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clear identification of any substances to which the client is allergic is essential. The nurse must consult drug references to verify that prescribed medications do not contain substances to which the client is hypersensitive. Administering the medications or giving one at a time may cause the client to have an allergic reaction. The nurse may call the pharmacy but still maintains responsibility for the medications administered.
A client who is a teenager has been brought to the clinic by the parent and is suspected of having an immune system disorder. What tests would the nurse expect to be ordered for this young client?
- A. Cerebral spinal fluids aspiration
- B. Sedimentary rate
- C. Complete blood count with differential
- D. Complete chemistry panel
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Laboratory tests are used to identify immune system disorders. They usually include a complete blood count with differential. Protein electrophoresis screens for diseases associated with a deficiency or excess of immunoglobulins. T-cell and B-cell assays (or counts) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may be performed. The other options are not diagnostic of immune disorders.
A child is brought to the clinic with a rash and is subsequently diagnosed with measles. The parent reports also having had measles as a young child. What type of immunity to measles develops after the initial infection?
- A. Naturally acquired active immunity
- B. Artificially acquired active immunity
- C. Naturally acquired passive immunity
- D. Artificially acquired passive immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Immunity to measles that develops after the initial infection is an example of naturally acquired active immunity. Artificially acquired active immunity results from the administration of a killed or weakened microorganism or toxoid (attenuated toxin), whereas passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are given to a susceptible client.
A laboring mother asks the nurse if the baby will have immunity to some illnesses when born. What type of immunity does the nurse understand that the newborn will have?
- A. Naturally acquired active immunity
- B. Artificially acquired active immunity
- C. Passive immunity transferred by the mother
- D. There is no immunity passed down from mother to child.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are given to a susceptible person. The antibodies provide immediate but short-lived protection from the invading antigen. Newborns receive passive immunity to some diseases for which their mothers have manufactured antibodies. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs as a direct result of infection by a specific microorganism. An example is the immunity to measles that develops after the initial infection. Not all invading microorganisms produce a response that gives lifelong immunity. Artificially acquired immunity is obtained by receiving a killed or weakened microorganism or toxoid.