Nokea
A client is informed of having a low white blood cell count and being at risk for the development of infections. The client asks, 'Where do I make new white blood cells?' What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. White blood cells are produced in the plasma.
- B. White blood cells are produced in the thymus gland.
- C. White blood cells are produced in the lymphatic tissue.
- D. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: White blood cells (leukocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. They are not produced in the plasma, thymus gland, or the lymphatic tissue.
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A child is brought to the clinic with a rash and is subsequently diagnosed with measles. The parent reports also having had measles as a young child. What type of immunity to measles develops after the initial infection?
- A. Naturally acquired active immunity
- B. Artificially acquired active immunity
- C. Naturally acquired passive immunity
- D. Artificially acquired passive immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Immunity to measles that develops after the initial infection is an example of naturally acquired active immunity. Artificially acquired active immunity results from the administration of a killed or weakened microorganism or toxoid (attenuated toxin), whereas passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are given to a susceptible client.
When an attenuated toxin is administered to a client, the B-cell lymphocytes create memory cells that recognize the antigen if it invades the body at a future time. What kind of immunity is this?
- A. Artificially acquired active immunity
- B. Passive immunity
- C. Natural immunity
- D. Naturally acquired active immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Artificially acquired active immunity results from the administration of a killed or weakened microorganism or toxoid (attenuated toxin). The memory cells manufactured by the B lymphocytes 'remember' the killed or weakened antigen and recognize it if a future invasion occurs. Passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are given to a susceptible person. Natural immunity is not one of the types of immunity. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs as a direct result of infection by a specific microorganism.
The nurse is obtaining medication history information from a client with Crohn's disease. What medication would the nurse include when asking what medications the client has taken for suppression of the inflammatory and immune response?
- A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
- B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I)
- C. Diuretics
- D. Corticosteroids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The nurse obtains a history of immunizations, recent and past infectious diseases, and recent exposure to infectious diseases. The nurse reviews the client's drug history because certain drugs, such as corticosteroids, suppress the inflammatory and immune responses. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication does not suppress the inflammatory and immune responses of Crohn's disease. An ACE-I prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and does not suppress the inflammatory or immune response. Diuretics also do not suppress the immune response but help reduce excess fluid from the kidneys.
A client will be receiving a hepatitis B vaccination series prior to employment in a dialysis center. What type of immunity will this provide?
- A. Forced immunity
- B. Naturally acquired active immunity
- C. Passive immunity
- D. Artificially acquired active immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Artificially acquired immunity is obtained by receiving a killed or weakened microorganism or toxoid. Passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are given to a susceptible person. The antibodies provide immediate but short-lived protection from the invading antigen. Newborns receive passive immunity to some diseases for which their mothers have manufactured antibodies. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs as a direct result of infection by a specific microorganism. An example is the immunity to measles that develops after the initial infection. Not all invading microorganisms produce a response that gives lifelong immunity. There is not a type of immunity called forced immunity.
The nursing students are learning about the immune system in their anatomy and physiology class. What would these students learn is a component of the immune system?
- A. Stem cells
- B. Cytokines
- C. Lymphoid tissues
- D. Red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The immune system actually is a collection of specialized white blood cells and lymphoid tissues that cooperate to protect a person from external invaders and the body's own altered cells. The function of these structures is assisted and supported by the activities of natural killer cells, antibodies, and nonantibody proteins such as cytokines and the complement system. Red blood cells and stem cells are not part of the immune system.