The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma's twist reversible airflow block sets it apart from COPD's fixed choke. Both obstruct, inflame to triggers, but asthma's airways bounce back with puffs. Nurses spot this, a chronic split for treatment.
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A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a prescription for digoxin 125 mcg PO daily. Available is digoxin PO 0.25 mg/tablet. How many tablets should the nurse administer per dose?
- A. 0.25
- B. 0.5
- C. 1
- D. 1.5
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Digoxin math: 125 mcg ordered, 0.25 mg (250 mcg) per tablet 125 ÷ 250 = 0.5 tablets, a precise dose nurses calc to boost heart failure's pump, avoiding toxicity's narrow edge. Wrong cuts (0.25, 1, 1.5) miss the mark. Accuracy here rules, a daily win in this med game.
In assigning patients with alterations related to gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, which would be the most appropriate nursing care tasks to assign to the LPN/LVN, under supervision of the team leader RN?
- A. A patient with severe anemia secondary to GI bleeding
- B. A patient who needs enemas and antibiotics to control GI bacteria
- C. A patient who needs pre-op teaching for bowel resection surgery
- D. A patient who needs central line insertion for chemotherapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: LPN/LVNs operate under RN supervision, handling tasks within their scope like administering enemas and antibiotics to control GI bacteria in a cancer patient, a straightforward, protocol-driven intervention to reduce infection risk before procedures. Severe anemia from GI bleeding demands RN assessment for transfusion or instability, beyond LPN scope. Pre-op teaching for bowel resection requires detailed education and evaluation, an RN duty to ensure comprehension. Central line insertion for chemotherapy involves advanced skills and risk management, reserved for RNs or specialized staff. Enemas and antibiotics fit LPN/LVN training, optimizing team efficiency while keeping complex care with RNs, aligning with safe delegation principles in GI cancer management.
The spinothalamic and dorsal column sensation are examined as part of a neurological examination. One of the items belonging to dorsal column sensation is the sense of vibration, which is examined by means of a tuning fork. Question: What is the required frequency of this tuning fork?
- A. 512 Hz
- B. 256 Hz
- C. 128 Hz
- D. 64 Hz
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vibration check 128 Hz hums right, dorsal column's sweet spot, not higher or lower. Nurses tune this, a chronic nerve test.
The blood glucose level rises after meals. This glucose is stored in various organs under the influence of insulin. Question: During the postprandial period, most glucose is stored in which tissue?
- A. Intestinal tissue
- B. Liver tissue
- C. Muscle tissue
- D. Fat tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Post-meal glucose floods muscle insulin shoves it there, 60% of the haul, a chronic storehouse. Liver grabs next, fat lags, intestines pass nurses track this, a bulk uptake king.
Sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were shown to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by X%. What is X?
- A. 10--30
- B. 20-40
- C. 30-50
- D. 40-60
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SGLT-2 inhibitors, used in type 2 diabetes, reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by 30-50%, as evidenced in trials like CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD. They lower glomerular hyperfiltration by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, decreasing intraglomerular pressure and thus protecting kidney function. This 30-50% reduction is significant in slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, a key benefit beyond glycemic control. Lower ranges (10-30%, 20-40%) underestimate this effect, while higher ranges (40-60%) may apply to specific subgroups but aren't the average. This renal protection makes SGLT-2 inhibitors a cornerstone in managing diabetic nephropathy, vital knowledge for physicians optimizing chronic disease outcomes.