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Diabetes is associated with pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the development of cardiovascular events. Question: What is the approximate percentage of diabetes patients who also have hypertension?
- A. 25%
- B. 50%
- C. 75%
- D. 100%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes and hypertension 75% overlap, sugar and pressure tag-team hearts. Nurses watch this, a chronic duo hit.
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The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma's twist reversible airflow block sets it apart from COPD's fixed choke. Both obstruct, inflame to triggers, but asthma's airways bounce back with puffs. Nurses spot this, a chronic split for treatment.
Non modifiable risk factors for developing chronic illness includes
- A. Tobacco smoking
- B. Political factors
- C. Family history
- D. High blood pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic illness risk splits family history's locked in, genes dictating diabetes or heart disease odds, unchangeable. Smoking's a choice, modifiable; politics shape systems, not biology; high BP's treatable, not fixed. Nurses flag this genetic thread, focusing prevention elsewhere, a chronic cornerstone where heritage trumps habits or policy.
After percutaneous cervical cordotomy:
- A. Ptosis and miosis occur on same side as the thermal lesion.
- B. Temporary reduced power in the arm or leg occur on the same side as the thermal lesion.
- C. Patients are likely to stay in hospital until retitration of opioid medication is complete.
- D. Immediately after successful cervical cordotomy, the pretreatment dose of opioid is likely to be reduced by 10%.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Post-percutaneous cervical cordotomy (PCC), outcomes relate to its C1-C2 approach. Ptosis and miosis (Horner's syndrome) occur ipsilateral to the lesion from sympathetic chain disruption common but often transient. Weakness, if any, affects the contralateral side due to corticospinal tract proximity, not ipsilateral, and is rare with modern precision. Hospital stay varies; opioid retitration may occur outpatient unless complications arise. Successful PCC reduces opioid needs by >50% often, not just 10%, due to effective pain relief. Neuropathic pain can emerge from tract damage. Horner's syndrome's ipsilateral presentation is a hallmark, reflecting local anatomy and PCC's occasional sympathetic impact, typically self-limiting.
After a road traffic accident at 50 miles per hour, a healthy 30-year-old patient is admitted to a major trauma centre with a closed femoral shaft fracture and pulmonary contusion. Routine management in the intensive care unit is likely to include:
- A. A tertiary survey.
- B. A course of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
- C. Non-specific medical treatment of a rising creatinine kinase concentration (CK).
- D. Delay in physiotherapy to minimize bleeding.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ICU care post-trauma ensures comprehensive management. A tertiary survey (head-to-toe reassessment) identifies missed injuries (e.g., fractures), routine within 24-48 hours per trauma protocols, critical with polytrauma risks like this case. Antibiotics aren't routine without infection (e.g., open fracture); pulmonary contusion alone doesn't justify them. Rising CK from muscle damage (femoral fracture) may need monitoring (rhabdomyolysis risk), but treatment (e.g., fluids) is specific, not non-specific. Early physiotherapy aids recovery, not delayed bleeding risk is minimal with closed fractures post-stabilization. Surviving Sepsis guidelines apply only with sepsis. The tertiary survey's systematic approach prevents oversight, ensuring holistic care in a high-energy trauma patient.
Rehabilitation is an ongoing process which is individual for each patient. Which of the following concepts are not part of the goals of the rehabilitation process for the patient?
- A. Adaptation
- B. Reconstruction of self-identity
- C. Ongoing dependency
- D. Developing a sense of a new normal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rehab rebuilds adapt, re-ID, new normal aims up, not down. Dependency's the foe, not goal. Nurses push this, a chronic comeback.