Nokea
Which is not an AIDS defining illness?
- A. oesophageal candidiasis
- B. Herpes Zoster
- C. CD4 count <200 cells/microL
- D. Pulmonary TB
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Herpes zoster's no AIDS marker just shingles, common even sans HIV collapse. Oesophageal thrush, PCP, TB scream opportunists; CD4's a lab line, not illness. Nurses flag true definers chronic crash signs not this skin flare anyone catches.
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Sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were shown to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by X%. What is X?
- A. 10--30
- B. 20-40
- C. 30-50
- D. 40-60
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SGLT-2 inhibitors, used in type 2 diabetes, reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by 30-50%, as evidenced in trials like CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD. They lower glomerular hyperfiltration by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, decreasing intraglomerular pressure and thus protecting kidney function. This 30-50% reduction is significant in slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, a key benefit beyond glycemic control. Lower ranges (10-30%, 20-40%) underestimate this effect, while higher ranges (40-60%) may apply to specific subgroups but aren't the average. This renal protection makes SGLT-2 inhibitors a cornerstone in managing diabetic nephropathy, vital knowledge for physicians optimizing chronic disease outcomes.
Which of these organisms causing gastroenteritis produce the toxin in the food prior to ingestion?
- A. vibrio cholera
- B. salmonella
- C. staph aureus
- D. clostridium perfringens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Staph aureus pre-toxins food, not cholera, salmonella, E. coli, Clostrid's gut brew. Nurses tag this chronic picnic poison.
A nurse who works in an oncology clinic is assessing a patient who has arrived for a 2-month follow-up appointment following chemotherapy. The nurse notes that the patient's skin appears yellow. Which blood tests should be done to further explore this clinical sign?
- A. Liver function tests (LFTs)
- B. Complete blood count (CBC)
- C. Platelet count
- D. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Yellow skin signals jaundice, often tied to liver dysfunction, a frequent issue post-chemotherapy due to metastatic spread or drug toxicity. Liver function tests (LFTs) like ALT, AST, and bilirubin directly assess liver health, pinpointing if metastases or chemo agents (e.g., hepatotoxic drugs like methotrexate) are at play. A CBC might show anemia or infection but doesn't target liver issues. Platelet count could hint at clotting problems, possibly liver-related, but it's too narrow. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine check kidney function, not liver, despite both organs handling chemo clearance. Since the liver's a common metastatic site especially from cancers like breast or lung LFTs are the go-to here, guiding the nurse to catch complications early and adjust care, critical in oncology follow-ups.
How do you decrease the severity and duration of pertussis infection?
- A. you don't
- B. erythromycin
- C. benzyl penicillin
- D. ampicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pertussis antibiotics clip spread, not whooping's course; erythro, pen, cipro miss. Nurses know this chronic cough rides out.
The nurse is preparing an adolescent diagnosed with leukemia for a lumbar puncture. The nurse determines that the child understands the reason for the procedure when the child states that the procedure is done to:
- A. Make sure I don't have meningitis along with my cancer.
- B. Relieve some of the pressure on my brain.
- C. Remove the blood cancer cells so I don't have to have surgery.
- D. Check to see if the cancer has spread through my spinal cord and brain.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A lumbar puncture (LP) in leukemia is performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for central nervous system (CNS) involvement cancer cells spreading to the spinal cord and brain a critical staging step that influences treatment, like intrathecal chemotherapy. The adolescent's statement about checking for spread reflects accurate understanding, essential for informed consent and reducing anxiety through clarity. Ruling out meningitis is a possible LP use, but in leukemia, CNS metastasis is the primary concern unless symptoms suggest infection. Relieving brain pressure applies to conditions like hydrocephalus, not leukemia's typical presentation. Removing cancer cells via LP isn't a treatment; it's diagnostic. The nurse's confirmation of this understanding ensures the child is prepared, aligning with pediatric oncology's emphasis on patient education and procedural readiness.