Nokea
The patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease should be taught:
- A. To avoid coffee, tea, or other caffeine-containing beverages.
- B. To take H2 blockers, such as ranitidine, as directed.
- C. To avoid acidic foods such as citrus or tomato.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients with GERD should avoid foods and beverages that can irritate the esophagus, and taking H2 blockers can reduce acid production.
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Which infection or inflammation is found related to systemic disease and cancer chemotherapy?
- A. Parotitis
- B. Stomatitis
- C. Oral candidiasis
- D. Vincent's infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Stomatitis is commonly associated with systemic diseases and cancer therapies, leading to painful inflammation and sores in the mouth.
Hematemesis is an indication of:
- A. upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- B. lower gastrointestinal bleeding
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hematemesis refers to vomiting blood, which typically originates from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
2. Blood from the lower gastrointestinal tract is usually passed through the rectum as melena or hematochezia.
3. Therefore, hematemesis is a clear indication of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
4. Choice A is correct because hematemesis specifically points to upper GI bleeding.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because lower GI bleeding does not typically present with vomiting blood.
- Choice C is incorrect as hematemesis is specific to upper GI bleeding.
- Choice D is incorrect as hematemesis indicates an issue in the upper GI tract.
Peptic ulcer disease may be caused by which of the following?
- A. Helicobacter pylori
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Candida albicans
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori is a common bacterium known to cause peptic ulcer disease by damaging the protective lining of the stomach and small intestine. This bacterium is a major risk factor for developing peptic ulcers. Clostridium difficile (B) is associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, not peptic ulcers. Candida albicans (C) is a fungal infection that can cause oral thrush or vaginal yeast infections, not peptic ulcers. Staphylococcus aureus (D) can cause skin infections, food poisoning, or pneumonia, but it is not a common cause of peptic ulcers.
A patient is diagnosed with celiac disease following a workup for iron-deficiency anemia and decreased bone density. The nurse identifies that additional teaching about disease management is needed when the patient makes which statement?
- A. I should ask my close relatives to be screened for celiac disease.'
- B. If I do not follow the gluten-free diet, I might develop a lymphoma.'
- C. I don't need to restrict gluten intake because I don't have diarrhea or bowel symptoms.'
- D. It is going to be difficult to follow a gluten-free diet because it is found in so many foods.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with celiac disease must strictly avoid gluten, regardless of whether they have gastrointestinal symptoms. Gluten can cause damage even in the absence of diarrhea or bowel symptoms.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with left upper quadrant (LUQ) pain. What may be a possible source of the pain?
- A. Liver
- B. Pancreas
- C. Appendix
- D. Gallbladder
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pancreas is located in the left upper quadrant and inflammation or other issues here can cause LUQ pain.