Nokea
The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
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Secretion of oxytocin is increased by
- A. milk ejection
- B. dilation of the cervix
- C. increased prolactin levels
- D. increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The secretion of oxytocin is increased by the dilation of the cervix. When the cervix dilates during childbirth, it triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and delivery. Milk ejection (choice A) is primarily regulated by oxytocin but does not directly increase its secretion. Increased prolactin levels (choice C) stimulate milk production, not oxytocin secretion. Increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (choice D) is not directly related to oxytocin secretion.
Which of the following drugs has muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase:
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why B (Carbachol) is the correct answer:
1. Carbachol is a cholinergic drug that acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
2. It is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase enzymes.
3. Acetylcholine (A) is rapidly hydrolyzed by both cholinesterases.
4. Bethanechol (C) is a muscarinic agonist but not a nicotinic agonist.
5. Succinylcholine (D) is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, not a cholinergic agonist.
Summary:
Carbachol is the only drug among the choices that has both muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by cholinesterases. Acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, Bethanechol does not have nicotinic actions, and Succinyl
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but:
- A. luminal peptides
- B. vagal discharge
- C. luminal acid
- D. phenylalanine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: luminal acid. Gastrin secretion is primarily stimulated by the presence of luminal peptides and vagal discharge. Luminal acid inhibits gastrin secretion through negative feedback mechanisms. Phenylalanine does not directly stimulate gastrin secretion. In summary, luminal acid is the correct answer because it acts as an inhibitory factor for gastrin secretion, whereas the other choices are known stimulatory factors.
The most common second messengers for peptide hormones are ______ and _____.
- A. peptide hormones and calcium.
- B. calcium and glucose.
- C. cAMP and calcium.
- D. cAMP and sodium.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cAMP and calcium. Peptide hormones bind to their receptors on the cell surface, activating G-proteins which then trigger the production of cAMP as a second messenger. cAMP then further activates protein kinases to initiate various cellular responses. Calcium is also a common second messenger in peptide hormone signaling pathways, regulating processes like muscle contraction and gene expression. Choice A is incorrect because peptide hormones themselves are not second messengers. Choice B is incorrect as glucose is not a common second messenger for peptide hormones. Choice D is incorrect as sodium is not typically involved in peptide hormone signaling pathways.
Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Pineal gland.
- C. Hypothalamus.
- D. Thyroid.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat, just below the Adam's apple. It is responsible for producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and various bodily functions. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, the pineal gland (B) is located in the brain as well, and the hypothalamus (C) is also in the brain. These glands play crucial roles in hormone regulation, but they are not located at the base of the throat like the thyroid gland.