Nokea
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
- A. anterior pituitary
- B. thyroid
- C. adrenal medulla
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: pancreas. The pancreas has both endocrine (produces hormones like insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (produces digestive enzymes) functions. This dual role makes it unique among the other options. The anterior pituitary (A) is purely endocrine, producing hormones like growth hormone. The thyroid (B) primarily functions as an endocrine gland, producing hormones like thyroxine. The adrenal medulla (C) is also solely endocrine, secreting hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore, the pancreas is the only organ among the choices that performs both endocrine and exocrine functions.
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland:
- A. is called a goiter.
- B. causes Addisonian crisis.
- C. makes a person appear cushingoid.
- D. causes hypocalcemic tetany.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Enlargement of the thyroid gland is known as a goiter.
2. A goiter can result from various conditions like iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders.
3. It is a common sign of thyroid dysfunction.
4. Goiter may or may not cause symptoms depending on the underlying cause.
5. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice B (Addisonian crisis) is incorrect as it is associated with adrenal insufficiency, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice C (cushingoid appearance) is incorrect as it is related to excess cortisol production, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice D (hypocalcemic tetany) is incorrect as it is due to low calcium levels, not thyroid enlargement.
Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary include:
- A. ADH and aldosterone
- B. ADH and oxytocin
- C. oxytocin and prolactin
- D. cortisol and aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The hormones produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary are ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin.
Step 2: ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Step 3: Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Step 4: Therefore, choice B (ADH and oxytocin) is correct.
Summary:
- Choice A (ADH and aldosterone) is incorrect because aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands, not the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C (oxytocin and prolactin) is incorrect because prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary.
- Choice D (cortisol and aldosterone) is incorrect because cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, not the posterior pituitary.
Hypothyroidism in adults due to an underactive thyroid is ____.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. diabetes insipidus.
- C. myxedema
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: myxedema. Hypothyroidism in adults is commonly caused by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones. Myxedema is the term used to describe severe hypothyroidism, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and swelling of the face and hands. Graves disease (choice A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Diabetes insipidus (choice B) is a disorder related to the kidneys and has no direct connection to thyroid function. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it accurately describes hypothyroidism in adults.
Which pair contains two of these colours in order of increasing frequency (lower frequency first)?
- A. green, red
- B. green, violet
- C. violet, yellow
- D. yellow, red
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (green, violet) because green has a lower frequency than violet in the visible light spectrum. Green light has a wavelength longer than violet light, meaning it has lower frequency. This is based on the electromagnetic spectrum where colors are arranged in order of increasing frequency from red (lowest) to violet (highest). Other choices are incorrect because they do not follow the order of increasing frequency as per the visible light spectrum.
Concerning Alpha blockers, which of the following is CORRECT:
- A. Phentolamine is a selective Alpha1 blocker
- B. Alpha2 blockers decrease noradrenaline release
- C. Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only
- D. They decrease both BP and HR
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only.
- Prazosin is a selective Alpha1 blocker, mainly used for hypertension.
- By blocking Alpha1 receptors, it reduces vasoconstriction and lowers blood pressure.
- Prazosin does not affect Alpha2 receptors, distinguishing it from non-selective Alpha blockers.
- Correct as it accurately describes Prazosin's mechanism of action.
Incorrect:
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective Alpha blocker, affecting both Alpha1 and Alpha2 receptors.
B: Alpha2 blockers increase noradrenaline release by inhibiting the negative feedback control.
D: Alpha blockers typically decrease blood pressure, but can increase heart rate due to vasodilation.