Nokea
Which of These is a Male Sex Hormone?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Androgens
- C. Pheromones
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones responsible for male characteristics like facial hair growth and deepening of voice. Aldosterone (A) is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not a sex hormone. Pheromones (C) are chemical signals, not hormones. Insulin (D) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, not related to sex characteristics. Therefore, B is the correct choice for a male sex hormone.
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Two terms that are paired incorrectly are .
- A. cortisol-adrenal cortex
- B. androgens-adrenal cortex
- C. calcitonin-thyroid
- D. corticosteroid-adrenal medulla
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is a type of corticosteroid, making choice A incorrect. Androgens are indeed produced by the adrenal cortex, making choice B correct. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, not the adrenal cortex, making choice C incorrect. Therefore, the only pair that is incorrect is corticosteroid and adrenal medulla.
Which pair contains two of these colours in order of increasing frequency (lower frequency first)?
- A. green, red
- B. green, violet
- C. violet, yellow
- D. yellow, red
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (green, violet) because green has a lower frequency than violet in the visible light spectrum. Green light has a wavelength longer than violet light, meaning it has lower frequency. This is based on the electromagnetic spectrum where colors are arranged in order of increasing frequency from red (lowest) to violet (highest). Other choices are incorrect because they do not follow the order of increasing frequency as per the visible light spectrum.
In the pancreas, which are the cells that secrete insulin?
- A. Alpha
- B. Beta
- C. Delta
- D. None
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Beta cells. Beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels. Alpha cells (A) secrete glucagon, Delta cells (C) secrete somatostatin, both involved in glucose metabolism, but not insulin secretion. Choice D is incorrect as the pancreas does contain cells that secrete insulin.
Concerning Alpha blockers, which of the following is CORRECT:
- A. Phentolamine is a selective Alpha1 blocker
- B. Alpha2 blockers decrease noradrenaline release
- C. Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only
- D. They decrease both BP and HR
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only.
- Prazosin is a selective Alpha1 blocker, mainly used for hypertension.
- By blocking Alpha1 receptors, it reduces vasoconstriction and lowers blood pressure.
- Prazosin does not affect Alpha2 receptors, distinguishing it from non-selective Alpha blockers.
- Correct as it accurately describes Prazosin's mechanism of action.
Incorrect:
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective Alpha blocker, affecting both Alpha1 and Alpha2 receptors.
B: Alpha2 blockers increase noradrenaline release by inhibiting the negative feedback control.
D: Alpha blockers typically decrease blood pressure, but can increase heart rate due to vasodilation.
Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to:
- A. Addison’s disease
- B. Cushing’s syndrome
- C. Acromegaly
- D. Dwarfism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct:
1. Hypersecretion of cortisol is a hallmark of Cushing's syndrome.
2. Excessive cortisol levels can lead to symptoms like weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness.
3. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by an overactive adrenal gland producing too much cortisol.
4. Addison's disease (choice A) is caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to low cortisol levels.
5. Acromegaly (choice C) is a growth hormone disorder, not related to cortisol.
6. Dwarfism (choice D) is typically due to growth hormone deficiency, not cortisol excess.
Summary:
Choice B is correct because hypersecretion of cortisol is specifically associated with Cushing's syndrome, causing a range of symptoms related to excess cortisol production. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly related to cortisol hypersecretion.