Nokea
Hypothyroidism in adults due to an underactive thyroid is ____.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. diabetes insipidus.
- C. myxedema
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: myxedema. Hypothyroidism in adults is commonly caused by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones. Myxedema is the term used to describe severe hypothyroidism, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and swelling of the face and hands. Graves disease (choice A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Diabetes insipidus (choice B) is a disorder related to the kidneys and has no direct connection to thyroid function. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it accurately describes hypothyroidism in adults.
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Which is NOT a high energy compound?
- A. CoA
- B. GGP
- C. ITP
- D. creatine phosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B (GGP)
Rationale:
1. CoA, ITP, and creatine phosphate are high-energy compounds involved in various metabolic processes.
2. GGP (guanosine-5'-triphosphate) is primarily a signaling molecule, not a high-energy compound.
3. CoA is involved in acetyl group transfer, ITP in energy transfer, and creatine phosphate in ATP regeneration.
4. GGP is a nucleotide involved in signaling pathways but does not directly participate in energy transfer reactions.
Summary:
- CoA, ITP, and creatine phosphate are high-energy compounds involved in energy transfer.
- GGP is a signaling molecule and not classified as a high-energy compound.
Name the structure that prevents food from entering the lungs?
- A. Pyloric sphincter
- B. Trachea
- C. Pharynx
- D. Epiglottis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs. When food is swallowed, the epiglottis closes off the trachea to ensure that the food goes down the esophagus into the stomach.
Incorrect choices:
A: The pyloric sphincter is a valve located between the stomach and the small intestine, regulating the flow of partially digested food.
B: The trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass into the lungs.
C: The pharynx is the throat area where the pathways for both food and air cross, but it is the epiglottis that specifically prevents food from entering the lungs.
Which is not Na+ dependent for absorption?
- A. thiamin
- B. riboflavin
- C. niacin
- D. folate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Folate absorption is not Na+ dependent because it is absorbed in the small intestine through a carrier-mediated process independent of sodium. Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin require sodium-dependent transport mechanisms for absorption in the small intestine. Thiamin is absorbed through thiamin transporters that are Na+ dependent. Riboflavin is absorbed by sodium-dependent multivitamin transporters. Niacin absorption also involves sodium-dependent transporters. Therefore, folate is the only option that is not Na+ dependent for absorption.
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in .
- A. kidney failure
- B. tetany
- C. gigantism
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess GH production can lead to acromegaly, a condition characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because GH continues to stimulate bone and tissue growth. Kidney failure (A) is not directly related to excess GH production. Tetany (B) is caused by low calcium levels, not excess GH. Gigantism (C) occurs when excess GH is produced during the growth years, leading to abnormal height, not after growth is completed. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the scenario provided.
Hypertensive effect of adrenaline is reversed by:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Phenylephrine
- C. Prazosin
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure.
2. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist.
3. By blocking alpha-1 receptors, prazosin reverses the vasoconstrictive effects of adrenaline.
4. Propranolol (A) is a non-selective beta-blocker and would not directly counteract adrenaline's vasoconstrictive effects.
5. Phenylephrine (B) is a vasoconstrictor itself and would further exacerbate the hypertensive effect of adrenaline.
6. Amphetamine (D) is a sympathomimetic drug that would also enhance the hypertensive effects of adrenaline.
Summary:
Prazosin (C) is the correct answer as it specifically targets the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors responsible for the hypertensive effects of adrenaline. Propranolol, phenylephrine, and amphetamine would