Nokea
Complete the following sentence: Calcium homeostasis is controlled by…
- A. Insulin
- B. Erythropoietin
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium levels in the blood through various mechanisms. It promotes calcium release from bones, enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduces calcium excretion from the kidneys. Insulin (Choice A) primarily regulates blood sugar levels, not calcium. Erythropoietin (Choice B) stimulates red blood cell production and does not directly affect calcium homeostasis. Aldosterone (Choice C) regulates sodium and potassium balance but not calcium levels. Thus, Parathyroid hormone is the correct choice for controlling calcium homeostasis.
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Secretion of oxytocin is increased by
- A. milk ejection
- B. dilation of the cervix
- C. increased prolactin levels
- D. increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The secretion of oxytocin is increased by the dilation of the cervix. When the cervix dilates during childbirth, it triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and delivery. Milk ejection (choice A) is primarily regulated by oxytocin but does not directly increase its secretion. Increased prolactin levels (choice C) stimulate milk production, not oxytocin secretion. Increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (choice D) is not directly related to oxytocin secretion.
Which sentences are correct?
- A. 1 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1, 2 and 3
- D. 2 and 3 only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1 and 2 only. Sentence 1 and 2 are correct because they are grammatically accurate and logically coherent. Sentence 3 is incorrect as it contains a grammatical error. The key is to analyze each sentence independently to determine its correctness based on grammar, clarity, and logical consistency. In this case, only sentences 1 and 2 meet the criteria, making B the correct choice.
Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
- A. copper
- B. iodine
- C. sulfur
- D. zinc
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: iodine. Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) contain iodine atoms. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce these hormones, leading to thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism or goiter. Copper (A), sulfur (C), and zinc (D) are not directly involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Copper is important for enzyme function, sulfur is present in amino acids, and zinc is involved in various cellular processes but not specifically in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Cortisol is produced by the:
- A. adrenal cortex
- B. adrenal medulla
- C. anterior pituitary
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of cortisol in response to stress. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, not cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, not cortisol. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice for the production of cortisol.
Glucocorticoids:
- A. convert amino acids into glucose.
- B. burn protein and fat as fuel to increase energy production.
- C. enable other hormones to perform normally.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids have multiple functions including converting amino acids into glucose (A), burning protein and fat for energy production (B), and enabling other hormones to perform normally (C). Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism, immune response, and help the body cope with stress. Therefore, all of the choices are applicable in describing the functions of glucocorticoids.