Nokea
Which organ does not have hormone production?
- A. heart
- B. kidney
- C. liver
- D. skin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: liver. The liver does not produce hormones. Hormones are primarily produced by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, etc. The liver's main functions are related to metabolism, detoxification, and storage, rather than hormone production. The heart (choice A) produces hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide. The kidney (choice B) produces hormones like erythropoietin and renin. The skin (choice D) produces hormones like vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Therefore, the liver is the only organ in the list that does not have hormone production.
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland:
- A. is called a goiter.
- B. causes Addisonian crisis.
- C. makes a person appear cushingoid.
- D. causes hypocalcemic tetany.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Enlargement of the thyroid gland is known as a goiter.
2. A goiter can result from various conditions like iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders.
3. It is a common sign of thyroid dysfunction.
4. Goiter may or may not cause symptoms depending on the underlying cause.
5. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice B (Addisonian crisis) is incorrect as it is associated with adrenal insufficiency, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice C (cushingoid appearance) is incorrect as it is related to excess cortisol production, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice D (hypocalcemic tetany) is incorrect as it is due to low calcium levels, not thyroid enlargement.
Which of These is a Male Sex Hormone?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Androgens
- C. Pheromones
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones responsible for male characteristics like facial hair growth and deepening of voice. Aldosterone (A) is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not a sex hormone. Pheromones (C) are chemical signals, not hormones. Insulin (D) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, not related to sex characteristics. Therefore, B is the correct choice for a male sex hormone.
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
- A. the heart
- B. the kidney
- C. the skin
- D. the spleen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: the heart. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is synthesized and released by the atrial cells of the heart in response to stretching of the atrial wall due to increased blood volume or pressure. ANP functions to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting natriuresis and vasodilation. The kidney (choice B) is responsible for filtering blood and regulating electrolyte balance, but it does not synthesize ANP. The skin (choice C) is involved in thermoregulation and vitamin D synthesis, not ANP production. The spleen (choice D) plays a role in immune function and blood storage, but it does not synthesize ANP.
Concerning Alpha blockers, which of the following is CORRECT:
- A. Phentolamine is a selective Alpha1 blocker
- B. Alpha2 blockers decrease noradrenaline release
- C. Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only
- D. They decrease both BP and HR
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only.
- Prazosin is a selective Alpha1 blocker, mainly used for hypertension.
- By blocking Alpha1 receptors, it reduces vasoconstriction and lowers blood pressure.
- Prazosin does not affect Alpha2 receptors, distinguishing it from non-selective Alpha blockers.
- Correct as it accurately describes Prazosin's mechanism of action.
Incorrect:
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective Alpha blocker, affecting both Alpha1 and Alpha2 receptors.
B: Alpha2 blockers increase noradrenaline release by inhibiting the negative feedback control.
D: Alpha blockers typically decrease blood pressure, but can increase heart rate due to vasodilation.
Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?
- A. Second chemical messenger
- B. Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight response
- C. Steroid
- D. Releasing hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Second chemical messenger. cAMP is a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways, relaying signals from extracellular molecules to intracellular targets. It is not a catecholamine (B), steroid (C), or releasing hormone (D). Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters, steroids are lipids with different functions, and releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of other hormones. Thus, the most descriptive term for cAMP is a second chemical messenger.