Nokea
Two terms that are paired incorrectly are .
- A. cortisol-adrenal cortex
- B. androgens-adrenal cortex
- C. calcitonin-thyroid
- D. corticosteroid-adrenal medulla
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is a type of corticosteroid, making choice A incorrect. Androgens are indeed produced by the adrenal cortex, making choice B correct. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, not the adrenal cortex, making choice C incorrect. Therefore, the only pair that is incorrect is corticosteroid and adrenal medulla.
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Which of the following drugs has muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase:
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why B (Carbachol) is the correct answer:
1. Carbachol is a cholinergic drug that acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
2. It is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase enzymes.
3. Acetylcholine (A) is rapidly hydrolyzed by both cholinesterases.
4. Bethanechol (C) is a muscarinic agonist but not a nicotinic agonist.
5. Succinylcholine (D) is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, not a cholinergic agonist.
Summary:
Carbachol is the only drug among the choices that has both muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by cholinesterases. Acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, Bethanechol does not have nicotinic actions, and Succinyl
Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?
- A. Second chemical messenger
- B. Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight response
- C. Steroid
- D. Releasing hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Second chemical messenger. cAMP is a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways, relaying signals from extracellular molecules to intracellular targets. It is not a catecholamine (B), steroid (C), or releasing hormone (D). Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters, steroids are lipids with different functions, and releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of other hormones. Thus, the most descriptive term for cAMP is a second chemical messenger.
Mineralcorticoids
- A. are produced in the adrenal cortex.
- B. are steroid hormones.
- C. help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: 1. Mineralocorticoids are hormones produced in the adrenal cortex (A).
2. They are steroid hormones (B) that specifically regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis (C).
3. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as mineralocorticoids encompass all these characteristics. Other choices are incorrect as they do not fully encompass the functions and characteristics of mineralocorticoids.
Which sentences are correct?
- A. 1 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1, 2 and 3
- D. 2 and 3 only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1 and 2 only. Sentence 1 and 2 are correct because they are grammatically accurate and logically coherent. Sentence 3 is incorrect as it contains a grammatical error. The key is to analyze each sentence independently to determine its correctness based on grammar, clarity, and logical consistency. In this case, only sentences 1 and 2 meet the criteria, making B the correct choice.
This hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity, causing bone resorption.
- A. Calcitonin
- B. Androgen
- C. PTH
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: PTH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclastic activity, leading to bone resorption. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. When calcium levels are low, PTH is released to stimulate the release of calcium from bones through osteoclast activity.
A: Calcitonin actually inhibits osteoclastic activity, promoting bone formation.
B: Androgen is a male sex hormone and does not directly influence bone resorption.
D: Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and does not directly affect bone resorption.