Nokea
The endocrine gland(s) that makes insulin is the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is located near the stomach and plays a crucial role in the endocrine system. The other choices (B: adrenal glands, C: thyroid gland, D: pituitary gland) do not produce insulin. Adrenal glands produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, thyroid gland produces hormones like thyroxine, and the pituitary gland produces various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. Therefore, the pancreas is the only gland among the options that produces insulin, making it the correct answer.
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A 43-year-old woman with diagnosed myasthenia gravis presents with profound skeletal muscle weakness. We are unsure whether she is experiencing a cholinergic crisis or a myasthenic crisis, so we administer a usually appropriate dose of parenteral edrophonium. Assume the patient was actually experiencing a cholinergic crisis. Which of the following is the most likely response to the drug?
- A. Hypertensive crisis from peripheral vascular constriction
- B. Myocardial ischemia, and angina, from drug-induced tachycardia and coronary vasoconstriction
- C. Premature ventricular contractions from increased ventricular automaticity
- D. Ventilatory distress or failure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ventilatory distress or failure. Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to differentiate between myasthenic and cholinergic crises. In a cholinergic crisis, which is an excess of acetylcholine, administering edrophonium can worsen symptoms due to further acetylcholine accumulation. This can lead to excessive stimulation of the respiratory muscles, resulting in ventilatory distress or failure.
Choice A is incorrect because cholinergic crisis typically causes hypotension, not hypertension. Choice B is incorrect because edrophonium-induced tachycardia can worsen myocardial ischemia, not angina. Choice C is incorrect because increased ventricular automaticity would not be a common response to edrophonium in a cholinergic crisis.
The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
Which of the following is descriptive of prolactin?
- A. Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
- B. Also called lactogenic hormone.
- C. Causes the milk let-down reflex.
- D. Stimulates the neurohypophysis to synthesize oxytocin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Prolactin is also called lactogenic hormone, as it promotes milk production in the mammary glands.
2. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the posterior pituitary gland.
3. Milk let-down reflex is primarily controlled by oxytocin, not prolactin.
4. Prolactin does not stimulate the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) to synthesize oxytocin.
Summary:
Choice B is correct because it accurately describes the function of prolactin in promoting lactation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect due to inaccuracies in the functions and secretion of prolactin.
Complete the following sentence: Calcium homeostasis is controlled by…
- A. Insulin
- B. Erythropoietin
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium levels in the blood through various mechanisms. It promotes calcium release from bones, enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduces calcium excretion from the kidneys. Insulin (Choice A) primarily regulates blood sugar levels, not calcium. Erythropoietin (Choice B) stimulates red blood cell production and does not directly affect calcium homeostasis. Aldosterone (Choice C) regulates sodium and potassium balance but not calcium levels. Thus, Parathyroid hormone is the correct choice for controlling calcium homeostasis.
Identify the growth factor that is released by cancer cells to create a capillary network that aids the cancer growth.
- A. macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- B. platelet derived growth factor
- C. tumor angiogenesis factor
- D. epidermal growth factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression.
A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis.
B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer.
D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.