Nokea
The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
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Which of the pairs of hormones BOTH increase blood sugar?
- A. insulin and glucagon
- B. growth hormone and insulin
- C. glucagon and epinephrine
- D. antidiuretic hormone and glucagon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, glucagon and epinephrine. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, has a similar effect by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Insulin (choice A) decreases blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake into cells. Growth hormone (choice B) mainly affects growth and metabolism but doesn't directly increase blood sugar. Antidiuretic hormone (choice D) regulates water balance and has no direct effect on blood sugar levels.
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
- A. a change in membrane potential
- B. the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
- C. an increase in enzymatic activity
- D. direct control of the nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: direct control of the nervous system. Hormonal stimuli typically target specific cells or tissues to elicit a response, such as changes in membrane potential, genetic events leading to protein synthesis, or an increase in enzymatic activity. Hormones do not directly control the nervous system, as the nervous system operates independently and responds to its own set of stimuli. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it does not align with the typical effects of hormonal stimulation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are all changes that can be caused by hormonal stimuli.
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in .
- A. kidney failure
- B. tetany
- C. gigantism
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess GH production can lead to acromegaly, a condition characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because GH continues to stimulate bone and tissue growth. Kidney failure (A) is not directly related to excess GH production. Tetany (B) is caused by low calcium levels, not excess GH. Gigantism (C) occurs when excess GH is produced during the growth years, leading to abnormal height, not after growth is completed. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the scenario provided.
Propranolol is useful in the treatment of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Anxiety
- C. Heart block
- D. Angina of effort
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that slows the heart rate and reduces blood pressure. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked. Propranolol can worsen heart block by further slowing down the heart rate, making it inappropriate for this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
A: Propranolol is used to treat hypertension by reducing blood pressure.
B: Propranolol is effective in managing anxiety symptoms by blocking the physical manifestations of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate.
D: Propranolol is beneficial in treating angina of effort by reducing the workload of the heart and improving blood flow to the heart muscle.
In summary, the other choices (A, B, D) are correct uses of propranolol, making C the exception due to its potential to worsen heart block.
Which is not Na+ dependent for absorption?
- A. thiamin
- B. riboflavin
- C. niacin
- D. folate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Folate absorption is not Na+ dependent because it is absorbed in the small intestine through a carrier-mediated process independent of sodium. Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin require sodium-dependent transport mechanisms for absorption in the small intestine. Thiamin is absorbed through thiamin transporters that are Na+ dependent. Riboflavin is absorbed by sodium-dependent multivitamin transporters. Niacin absorption also involves sodium-dependent transporters. Therefore, folate is the only option that is not Na+ dependent for absorption.