Nokea
The pH of urine:
- A. Is a useful indicator of the acid/base balance of blood
- B. Rises on a vegetarian diet
- C. Is determined by the concentration of ammonium
- D. Is lower than 5.5 in renal tubular acidosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Urine pH reflects blood acid/base balance. A vegetarian diet typically raises urine pH, and renal tubular acidosis causes a higher pH, not lower.
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Recurrent headaches in childhood are seen with:
- A. Tension headaches
- B. Migraine
- C. Sinusitis
- D. Hypermetropia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because migraine is a common cause of recurrent headaches in children. The other options (a, c, d, e) are less common or present differently.
The following are true about water excretion:
- A. It is influenced by the proximal tubule
- B. It is influenced by vasopressin
- C. It depends on erythropoietin
- D. It is influenced by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: It is influenced by vasopressin: Vasopressin (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, primarily by acting on the collecting ducts, enhancing water retention in response to dehydration.
Corneal opacities are seen in:
- A. Marfan's syndrome
- B. Herpes simplex infection
- C. Hurler syndrome
- D. Osteogenesis imperfecta
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corneal opacities are a characteristic feature of Hurler syndrome, a type of mucopolysaccharidosis.
Congenital heart disease causing cyanosis without respiratory distress include EXCEPT
- A. tricuspid atresia
- B. aortic stenosis
- C. Ebstein anomaly
- D. pulmonary atresia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tricuspid atresia, Ebstein anomaly, and pulmonary atresia can cause cyanosis without respiratory distress, while aortic stenosis typically does not.
Regarding cough receptors:
- A. There is increased sensitivity in viral infections
- B. ~2-agonists decrease the sensitivity of cough receptors
- C. Exercise can stimulate the cough receptors in asthmatics
- D. They are predominantly seen in the large airways
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cough receptor sensitivity increases during viral infections, leading to heightened cough reflex.