Nokea
The pH of urine:
- A. Is a useful indicator of the acid/base balance of blood
- B. Rises on a vegetarian diet
- C. Is determined by the concentration of ammonium
- D. Is lower than 5.5 in renal tubular acidosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Urine pH reflects blood acid/base balance. A vegetarian diet typically raises urine pH, and renal tubular acidosis causes a higher pH, not lower.
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In embryology:
- A. Most defects occur with teratogens in the first 2 weeks post-conception
- B. The urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament
- C. The mesonephric duct becomes the male organs
- D. The thyroid develops from the floor of the primitive larynx
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament. Most defects occur after the first 2 weeks, and the thyroid develops from the floor of the pharynx.
Common diseases presenting as a rash in infancy are:
- A. Measles
- B. Parvovirus B 19 infection
- C. Leukaemia
- D. Lymphoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Measles
Severe pulmonary valve stenosis is defined as a peak gradient of
- A. >40 mm Hg
- B. >45 mm Hg
- C. >50 mm Hg
- D. >55 mm Hg
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Severe pulmonary valve stenosis is generally defined as a peak gradient >50 mm Hg.
Inclisiran used in the treatment of dyslipidemia is chemically a
- A. Synthetic RNA
- B. Synthetic histone
- C. Synthetic DNA
- D. Synthetic mitochondria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inclisiran is a synthetic RNA molecule used to lower cholesterol levels.
Adverse reactions to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) include the following EXCEPT
- A. hypotension
- B. hypokalemia
- C. maculopapular rash
- D. renal toxicity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ACEIs can cause hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia.