The presence of ataxia suggests damage to any of the following EXCEPT:
- A. cerebellar
- B. thalamus
- C. vestibular nucleus
- D. vagal nerve
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vagal nerve is the correct answer because ataxia, which is a lack of coordination, is typically associated with damage to the cerebellum, thalamus, or vestibular system. The vagal nerve, however, is primarily involved in autonomic functions and does not play a direct role in motor coordination.
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Which medication is the precursor for dopamine?
- A. retrodopa
- B. levodopa
- C. monoamine oxidase
- D. carbidopa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine and is the most effective medication for managing the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the brain.
A diagnosis of AD is usually made when what happens?
- A. A urine test indicates elevated levels of isoprostanes
- B. All other possible causes of dementia have been eliminated
- C. Blood analysis reveals increased amounts of β-amyloid protein
- D. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain indicates brain atrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: AD is diagnosed after ruling out other causes of dementia
Which intervention should you delegate to the nursing assistant for a patient with osteoporosis and risk for falls?
- A. Identify environmental factors that increase risk for falls.
- B. Monitor gait, balance, and fatigue level with ambulation.
- C. Collaborate with physical therapy to provide patient with walker.
- D. Assist the patient with ambulation to bathroom and in halls.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Assisting with ambulation is a task that can be safely delegated to a nursing assistant.
Like the brain, the spinal cord is surrounded by bone, meninges, and ________.
- A. cerebrospinal fluid
- B. white matter
- C. gray matter
- D. water
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The spinal cord, like the brain, is protected by bone (vertebrae), meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF provides cushioning, nutrients, and waste removal for the central nervous system. White matter and gray matter are components of the spinal cord's internal structure, while water is not a specific protective element. Therefore, cerebrospinal fluid is the correct answer.
Sometimes the impairments caused by an infection are minor, but if the sufferer is hosting the virus over many years it may induce multiple symptoms of motor and cognitive dysfunction and create a syndrome of impairment that is known as:
- A. HIV praecox.
- B. HIV dysphasis.
- C. HIV delusion.
- D. HIV dementia.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HIV dementia, also known as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) or HIV-associated dementia (HAD), is a syndrome of cognitive and motor dysfunction caused by the long-term effects of HIV infection on the brain. Symptoms include memory loss, difficulty concentrating, slowed thinking, and motor impairments. This condition results from the direct impact of the virus on the central nervous system and the immune system's response to the infection.