Nokea
The presence of bilirubin in bile is important because:
- A. It gives bile its color
- B. It leads to production of stercobilinogen in the intestine
- C. It facilitates absorption of lipids
- D. It gives faces their color
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: It gives bile its color. Bilirubin is a pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, giving bile its characteristic yellow-green color. This is important for bile to aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats. Choices B and D are incorrect as stercobilinogen is produced from bilirubin in the intestine, contributing to stool color, not bile color. Choice C is incorrect as bile salts, not bilirubin, facilitate the absorption of lipids in the small intestine.
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Proteins are split by all of the following pancreatic factors except which one?
- A. zymogen
- B. chymotrypsin
- C. trypsin
- D. carboxypeptidase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: zymogen. Zymogen is an inactive precursor form of an enzyme that is converted to its active form by certain conditions, such as pH or other enzymes. In contrast, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptidase are all pancreatic enzymes directly involved in the breakdown of proteins. Therefore, zymogen does not directly split proteins, making it the exception among the pancreatic factors listed.
What condition should the nurse anticipate when caring for a patient with a history of a total gastrectomy?
- A. Constipation
- B. Dehydration
- C. Elevated total serum cholesterol
- D. Cobalamin (vitamin B ) deficiency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. After a total gastrectomy, the patient lacks the intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum, leading to deficiency. This can result in megaloblastic anemia, neurological symptoms, and fatigue.
A: Constipation is not typically associated with total gastrectomy.
B: Dehydration may occur postoperatively but is not a specific consequence of total gastrectomy.
C: Elevated total serum cholesterol is not a direct effect of total gastrectomy.
Select the single most accurate statement about the absorptive area of the human intestine?
- A. The absorptive area is equivalent to that of a tennis court
- B. All of the options given are correct
- C. Changes in motility increase the contact time between nutrients and absorptive surface
- D. The presence of folds, villi and microvilli on the surface of enterocytes magnifies the absorptive area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of folds, villi, and microvilli on the surface of enterocytes significantly increases the absorptive area of the intestine. The folds increase the surface area, villi further increase the surface area, and microvilli further amplify the absorptive surface. This intricate structure allows for efficient absorption of nutrients. Option A is incorrect as the absorptive area is not equivalent to a tennis court. Option B is incorrect because not all options are correct. Option C is incorrect because changes in motility can affect nutrient absorption but do not directly relate to the absorptive area of the intestine like the structural features mentioned in option D.
The _____ nervous system division usually stimulates and promotes digestion.
- A. somatic
- B. sympathetic
- C. central
- D. parasympathetic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: parasympathetic. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions, including stimulating digestion. It slows heart rate, increases intestinal activity, and promotes the secretion of digestive enzymes. The somatic nervous system (A) controls voluntary movements, the sympathetic nervous system (B) is responsible for the fight or flight response, and the central nervous system (C) consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the main control center of the body.
When assessing a patient with acute pancreatitis, the nurse would expect to find
- A. hyperactive bowel sounds.
- B. hypertension and tachycardia.
- C. a temperature greater than 102°F (38.9°C).
- D. severe midepigastric or left upper quadrant (LUQ) pain.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because severe midepigastric or LUQ pain is a classic symptom of acute pancreatitis due to inflammation of the pancreas. This pain is usually persistent and can radiate to the back.
A: Hyperactive bowel sounds are not typically associated with acute pancreatitis but rather with conditions like gastroenteritis.
B: Hypertension and tachycardia are not specific to acute pancreatitis and can be seen in various medical conditions.
C: While fever can be present in acute pancreatitis, a specific temperature greater than 102°F is not a defining characteristic.