Nokea
The presence of dysdiadochokinesis suggests damage to the following:
- A. black substance
- B. spinal cord
- C. cerebellar
- D. occipital lobe
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cerebellar is the correct answer because dysdiadochokinesis, or the inability to perform rapid alternating movements, is a hallmark sign of cerebellar dysfunction. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, and damage to this area disrupts the timing and precision of motor actions.
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A 63-year-old patient taking carbidopa/levodopa 25/100 mg four times a day for PD is experiencing end-of-dose wearing off. The best recommendation is to:
- A. Add tolcapone.
- B. Add entacapone.
- C. Consider deep-brain stimulation (DBS).
- D. Change carbidopa/levodopa to three times a day.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Entacapone, like tolcapone, is a COMT inhibitor that can help manage wearing-off symptoms by extending the duration of levodopa's effect.
Which myotome is responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle
- A. L4/5
- B. L5/S1
- C. S1/2
- D. S2/3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The S1 and S2 nerve roots innervate the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which are responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle. This is important in assessing sacral nerve root function.
Which of the following statements is true of dementia?
- A. It is a progressive neurological disease that affects the motor neurons of the nervous system.
- B. It is the general term for conditions that involve loss of memory and impaired cognition.
- C. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the skeletal muscles.
- D. It is the general term used to describe a cluster of symptoms including bradykinesia with rigidity or tremor.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dementia is an umbrella term for a group of conditions characterized by a decline in cognitive function, including memory loss, impaired reasoning, and changes in behavior. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, but other types include vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia.
Which is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
- A. serotonin
- B. glutamate
- C. dopamine
- D. GABA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in nearly all excitatory brain functions. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Glutamate binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons, promoting the transmission of signals. However, excessive glutamate activity can lead to excitotoxicity, causing neuronal damage and contributing to conditions like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
One way of dealing with memory impairments is to train patients in ways to help store and retrieve items and events to be remembered. One such technique is the use of:
- A. Visual imagery mnemonics.
- B. Visual imagery catalogues.
- C. Visual imagery tagging.
- D. Visual compensation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Visual imagery mnemonics is a memory enhancement technique that involves creating vivid mental images to aid in the storage and retrieval of information. By associating new information with familiar visual cues, individuals can improve their ability to remember details and events. This technique is particularly useful for individuals with memory impairments, as it leverages the brain's natural ability to process and recall visual information more effectively than abstract concepts.