Nokea
The primary action of loop diuretics is to:
- A. Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
- B. Block aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule.
- C. Increase osmolarity of the renal tubular fluid.
- D. Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.
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Milk and other foods that alkalinize the urine may:
- A. Result in basic drugs, being, reabsosibet in
- B. Increase the elimination of basic drugs in the urine
- C. Decrease the elimination of acidic drugs
- D. Not alter drug elimination due to the minimal change in urine pH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Alkalinizing urine increases ionization of acidic drugs, reducing their reabsorption and thus decreasing elimination.
antagonist is a substance that:
- A. Binds to the receptors and initiates changes in cell function, producing maximal effect
- B. Binds to the receptors and initiates changes in cell function, producing submaximal effect
- C. Interacts with plasma proteins and doesn't produce any effect
- D. Binds to the receptors without directly altering their functions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An antagonist binds receptors without activating them, blocking agonist effects.
The patient tells the nurse about a new drug being tested to treat the disease she was diagnosed with and asks the nurse whether the doctor can prescribe a medication still in the preclinical phase of testing. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. The doctor would have to complete a great deal of paperwork to get approval to prescribe that drug.
- B. Sometimes pharmaceutical companies are looking for volunteers to test a new drug and the doctor could give them your name.
- C. Drugs in the preclinical phase of testing are only tested on animals and so would not be available to you.
- D. Drugs in the preclinical phase of testing are given only to healthy young men and so would not be available to you.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the preclinical phase of testing drugs are tested on animals and are not available to patients. In phase I, the drug is tested on volunteers who are usually healthy young men. It is only in phase III studies that the drug is made available to prescribers who agree to closely monitor patients getting the medication.
Which of the following can be used for treatment of hypothyroidism:
- A. Liothironine
- B. Iodides (lugol solution)
- C. Carbimazole
- D. Methimazole
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Liothyronine (T3) is used to replace thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism.
Felicity has been prescribed colestipol to treat her hyperlipidemia. Unlike other anti-lipidemics, this drug:
- A. Blocks synthesis of cholesterol in the liver
- B. Exchanges chloride ions for negatively charged acids in the bowel
- C. Increases HDL levels the most among the classes
- D. Blocks the lipoprotein lipase pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Colestipol, a bile acid resin, binds bile acids in the bowel.