Nokea
The products of digested food are present in the ileum. Which substances enter a blood capillary and a lacteal in a villus?
- A. blood capillary: amino acids and glucose, lacteal: fatty acids and glycerol
- B. blood capillary: amino acids and glycerol, lacteal: fatty acids and glucose
- C. blood capillary: fatty acids and glucose, lacteal: amino acids and glycerol
- D. blood capillary: fatty acids and glycerol, lacteal: amino acids and glucose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Amino acids and glucose enter the blood capillaries, while fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteals.
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Glycogen is stored in-
- A. Blood
- B. Liver
- C. Lungs
- D. Kidney
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver.
Peristalsis in the muscle component of the human esophagus is produced by:
- A. A gradient in slow waves going from the top to the bottom
- B. Gravity moving swallowed food down the esophagus
- C. Simultaneous contraction of the entire longitudinal muscle layer
- D. Sequential firing of the extrinsic nerves from the nucleus ambiguous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sequential firing of vagal nerves from the nucleus ambiguus coordinates esophageal peristalsis, moving food downward.
(Gustatory) sensory cells of taste buds, all true except:
- A. They have pale cytoplasm and darkly stained oval nuclei.
- B. Their apical surfaces contain long microvilli embedded in amorphous glycosaminoglycan material secreted by supporting cells
- C. Are peripheral in position
- D. Their basal parts are connected to the afferent nerve fibers.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gustatory cells are centrally located within the taste bud, surrounded by supporting cells, not peripheral.
Ito cells, all true except:
- A. Hepatic stellate cells that store vitamin A.
- B. Liver cirrhosis, these cells may differentiate into myofibroblasts to synthesize collagen & induce fibrosis.
- C. One of the contents of the perisinusoidal space
- D. They are highly phagocytic cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ito (stellate) cells store vitamin A and contribute to fibrosis, but Kupffer cells, not Ito cells, are phagocytic.
Food and chyme are pushed through the digestive system by:
- A. ingestion
- B. mastication
- C. assimilation
- D. peristalsis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that propel food and chyme through the digestive tract.