Nokea
The rate and depth of breathing are governed by
- A. chemoreceptors in arterial walls.
- B. baroreceptors in the diaphragm
- C. the partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere
- D. a respiratory center in the brainstem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the rate and depth of breathing are controlled by a respiratory center in the brainstem, which includes the medulla and pons. The medulla regulates the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps adjust the rate and depth based on input from chemoreceptors and other factors. Choice A is incorrect because chemoreceptors in arterial walls primarily detect changes in blood pH and CO2 levels, not directly control breathing. Choice B is incorrect as baroreceptors in the diaphragm are more related to detecting stretch and pressure changes, not regulating breathing. Choice C is incorrect as the partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere does not directly control breathing but rather influences oxygen exchange in the lungs.
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Respiratory alkalosis is the increase in blood pH and can be treated using the drug Acetazolamide which blocks Carbonic anhydrase enzyme. The main cause of Respiratory alkalosis is
- A. Hypoventilation
- B. Hyperventilation
- C. Low Carbon dioxide level
- D. High HB content
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale for choice B (Hyperventilation): Hyperventilation leads to excessive elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) through the lungs, causing a decrease in blood CO2 levels. This results in a shift towards alkalosis in the blood pH as CO2 is an acid. Acetazolamide, by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, slows down the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate, helping to counteract the alkalosis caused by hyperventilation.
Summary of other choices:
A (Hypoventilation): Hypoventilation would lead to the retention of CO2, causing respiratory acidosis, not alkalosis.
C (Low Carbon dioxide level): Low CO2 levels contribute to respiratory alkalosis, so this choice is incorrect.
D (High HB content): High hemoglobin content does not directly cause respiratory alkalosis.
The nurse is assessing the respiratory status of a patient who is experiencing an exacerbation of her emphysema symptoms. When preparing to auscultate, what breath sounds should the nurse anticipate?
- A. Absence of breath sounds
- B. Wheezing with discontinuous breath sounds
- C. Faint breath sounds with prolonged expiration
- D. Faint breath sounds with fine crackles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Faint breath sounds with prolonged expiration. In emphysema, the alveoli lose elasticity, leading to air trapping and difficulty in expiration. This results in faint breath sounds with prolonged expiration due to the decreased airflow. Absence of breath sounds (A) would indicate a serious issue like pneumothorax. Wheezing with discontinuous breath sounds (B) is more characteristic of asthma. Faint breath sounds with fine crackles (D) are typically heard in conditions like pneumonia or pulmonary fibrosis, not in emphysema.
Hering Breuer Reflex serves as a protective mechanism to prevent
- A. Tracheal collapsing
- B. Excess lung inflation
- C. Excess oxygenation
- D. All these
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Excess lung inflation. The Hering Breuer Reflex is triggered by stretch receptors in the lungs, which send signals to the brain to inhibit further inhalation and prevent overinflation of the lungs. This mechanism helps regulate breathing and prevents lung damage from excessive stretching. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the reflex specifically focuses on preventing overinflation of the lungs, not tracheal collapsing or excess oxygenation. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it aligns with the protective function of the Hering Breuer Reflex.
What is the importance of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?
- A. Synthesis of hemoglobin
- B. Maintenance of blood pressure
- C. Facilitation of oxygen transport
- D. Regulation of blood glucose levels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase is crucial for converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in red blood cells, facilitating oxygen transport. This enzyme plays a key role in maintaining the blood's acid-base balance and allowing efficient exchange of gases in the lungs. The other choices are incorrect because hemoglobin synthesis is not directly related to carbonic anhydrase, blood pressure regulation involves different mechanisms, and blood glucose levels are primarily controlled by insulin and glucagon, not carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.
A nurse is caring for a client with emphysema who is receiving oxygen. The nurse assesses the oxygen flow rate to ensure that it does not exceed:
- A. 1 L/min
- B. 3 L/min
- C. 6 L/min
- D. 10 L/min
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 3 L/min. Emphysema patients have compromised lung function, so high oxygen flow rates can lead to oxygen toxicity. 3 L/min is the recommended maximum flow rate to prevent oxygen toxicity while still providing adequate oxygenation. Choices A, C, and D exceed the safe limit and can lead to hyperoxia, absorption atelectasis, and other complications in emphysema patients. Therefore, B is the correct choice to ensure optimal oxygen therapy without causing harm.