Nokea
The superior region of the vagina is the _____.
- A. vaginal orifice
- B. cervix
- C. hymen
- D. vaginal rugae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cervix. The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that protrudes into the vaginal canal. It is located at the superior region of the vagina. The vaginal orifice (A) refers to the opening of the vagina, not the superior region. The hymen (C) is a thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening and is not related to the superior region. Vaginal rugae (D) are the ridges or folds in the vaginal wall that allow for expansion, which are not specific to the superior region.
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During the week following ovulation, the endometrium increases in thickness to 5 to 6 millimeters. What stimulates this increase in thickness?
- A. Luteinizing hormone
- B. Estrogen from the corpus luteum
- C. Progesterone from the corpus luteum
- D. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Progesterone from the corpus luteum. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone. Progesterone is responsible for preparing the endometrium for potential implantation of a fertilized egg by increasing its thickness. Luteinizing hormone (A) triggers ovulation but does not directly affect endometrial thickness. Estrogen from the corpus luteum (B) also plays a role in preparing the endometrium but does not specifically stimulate the increase in thickness. Follicle-stimulating hormone (D) primarily regulates the development of ovarian follicles and does not directly influence endometrial thickness.
Congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis is called:
- A. Hypospadia
- B. Phimosis
- C. Epispadia
- D. Herpes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypospadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis.
2. This condition results from incomplete closure of the urethral folds during fetal development.
3. Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis.
4. Epispadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the upper surface of the penis.
5. Herpes is a viral infection causing painful sores, but not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Summary: Hypospadias is correct as it matches the description of the condition, while the other choices describe different conditions not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Within each ovary there are thousands of small sacs called
- A. Ova
- B. Graafian follicle
- C. Corpus luteum
- D. Cysts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graafian follicle. Within the ovary, thousands of small sacs called follicles develop and grow, with one dominant follicle eventually maturing into a Graafian follicle. This structure contains the ovum (egg) and is released during ovulation. Ova (A) are the mature eggs released from the Graafian follicle. Corpus luteum (C) forms after ovulation and produces hormones to support pregnancy. Cysts (D) are abnormal fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the ovaries, different from the normal follicles.
Two days before the onset of menstruation, secretions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) reach their lowest levels. What is the cause of this low level of secretion?
- A. The anterior pituitary gland becomes unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- B. Estrogen from the developing follicles exerts a feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus
- C. The rise in body temperature inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH
- D. Secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of FSH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because two days before menstruation, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin, which collectively suppress the hypothalamus's secretion of GnRH and the pituitary gland's secretion of FSH and LH. This hormonal feedback loop helps prepare the body for menstruation.
A: The anterior pituitary gland becoming unresponsive to GnRH does not explain the low FSH and LH levels.
B: Estrogen from developing follicles typically exerts a positive feedback on the hypothalamus, not inhibitory feedback.
C: The rise in body temperature does not directly impact FSH and LH levels; it is more related to ovulation.
Oestrogen levels in females
- A. rise after puberty and slowly decline through out a females life
- B. rise and fall every month
- C. is at its highest level during gestation
- D. is at its highest level just after birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because oestrogen levels in females rise and fall every month in response to the menstrual cycle. This hormone is produced by the ovaries and plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle. During the menstrual cycle, oestrogen levels increase during the first half of the cycle (follicular phase), peak around ovulation, and then decrease in the second half of the cycle (luteal phase). This cyclical pattern is essential for preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because oestrogen levels do not follow a continuous decline throughout a female's life, peak during gestation, or reach their highest level just after birth.