Nokea
Which hormone initiates and sustains labor contractions?
- A. estrogen
- B. HCG
- C. relaxin
- D. oxytocin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxytocin. Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for initiating and sustaining labor contractions by stimulating the uterine muscles. It acts on the smooth muscle cells of the uterus to increase contractions. Estrogen (A) plays a role in preparing the uterus for labor but doesn't initiate contractions. HCG (B) is a hormone produced during pregnancy but is not directly involved in labor. Relaxin (C) helps relax the pelvic ligaments to facilitate childbirth, but it doesn't initiate contractions.
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On inspection of the external male genitalia, the nurse notes which finding as abnormal?
- A. The scrotum is covered with dark rugous skin.
- B. The skin covering the penis is hairless and loose.
- C. The urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis.
- D. The left side of the scrotum hangs slightly lower than the right.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the urinary meatus should be located at the tip of the penis, not on the upper surface. This abnormality may indicate a condition like hypospadias. Option A describes normal scrotum skin. Option B describes normal penile skin. Option D describes a normal anatomical variation in scrotal positioning.
A 19-yr-old patient calls the school clinic and tells the nurse, “My menstrual period is very heavy this time. I have to change my tampon every 4 hours.” Which action should the nurse take next?
- A. Tell the patient that her flow is not unusually heavy.
- B. Schedule the patient for an appointment later that day.
- C. Ask the patient how heavy her usual menstrual flow is.
- D. Have the patient call again if the heavy flow continues.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ask the patient how heavy her usual menstrual flow is. This is the best course of action as it allows the nurse to gather more information about the patient's menstrual history and determine if the current heavy flow is a deviation from her normal pattern. By obtaining information on the patient's usual menstrual flow, the nurse can assess if the current situation warrants further evaluation or if it falls within the range of normal variability.
Choice A is incorrect because dismissing the patient's concern without further assessment may lead to missing a potential issue. Choice B is not the best immediate action as it does not prioritize gathering more information first. Choice D is also not the optimal choice as it does not address the need for more information to assess the situation accurately.
What effect does luteinizing hormone (LH) have on a female?
- A. LH promotes enlargement of the female's breasts.
- B. LH has no effect on a female
- C. LH causes secondary sex characteristics to develop in a femal
- D. LH triggers ovulation in a female
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: LH triggers ovulation in a female. LH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the release of an egg from the ovary during the menstrual cycle. This process is known as ovulation. It is a crucial step in the reproductive cycle of females.
A: LH does not promote the enlargement of female breasts. Breast growth is primarily regulated by estrogen and progesterone.
B: LH does have a significant effect on females, particularly in the reproductive system.
C: While LH does contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics in females, its main role is in triggering ovulation.
Congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis is called:
- A. Hypospadia
- B. Phimosis
- C. Epispadia
- D. Herpes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypospadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis.
2. This condition results from incomplete closure of the urethral folds during fetal development.
3. Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis.
4. Epispadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the upper surface of the penis.
5. Herpes is a viral infection causing painful sores, but not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Summary: Hypospadias is correct as it matches the description of the condition, while the other choices describe different conditions not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Mrs. Stevens asks you how to treat an irritated, erythematous area on her left hand. It would be most important to first determine if she has
- A. eaten any new or different foods recently
- B. developed signs of anaphylaxis
- C. changed her dish detergent recently
- D. been exposed to any strange animals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Identifying recent changes in detergents can help determine if the irritation is due to contact dermatitis.