Nokea
The term infection is equivalent to:
- A. Infectious process
- B. Infectious disease
- C. ahh
- D. None of them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Infectious process. The term "infection" refers to the invasion of a host organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. It encompasses the entire process from the initial entry of the pathogen to the host's response and resolution. Choice B, "Infectious disease," is incorrect as it specifically refers to the clinical manifestation of an infection. Choice C is irrelevant, and Choice D is incorrect as the term "infection" is indeed equivalent to the infectious process.
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A patient with a sore throat had a throat culture revealing Gram-positive cocci in chains. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic on blood agar. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Enterococcus faecalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Gram-positive cocci in chains suggest Streptococcus species.
Step 2: Catalase-negative eliminates Staphylococcus aureus.
Step 3: Beta-hemolytic on blood agar matches Streptococcus pyogenes.
Step 4: Streptococcus pyogenes is a common cause of sore throat (pharyngitis).
Summary:
A: Streptococcus pyogenes - Correct due to Gram-positive cocci in chains, catalase-negative, beta-hemolytic, and common cause of sore throat.
B: Staphylococcus aureus - Incorrect due to catalase-positive.
C: Streptococcus pneumoniae - Incorrect due to alpha-hemolytic.
D: Enterococcus faecalis - Incorrect due to not being beta-hemolytic.
The most important mechanism of tetracycline resistance is
- A. Reduced active influx by alteration of transport molecules
- B. Reduced passive influx due to altered cell membrane components
- C. Increased active efflux from the bacterial cell
- D. Direct enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Increased active efflux from the bacterial cell. This is the most important mechanism of tetracycline resistance because it involves the bacteria actively pumping out the antibiotic, reducing its intracellular concentration. This prevents tetracycline from effectively targeting bacterial ribosomes. Choice A is incorrect as tetracycline resistance typically involves active efflux rather than reduced influx. Choice B is incorrect because tetracycline resistance mechanisms do not primarily involve altered cell membrane components affecting passive influx. Choice D is also incorrect as tetracycline resistance mechanisms do not typically involve direct enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic.
For infections caused by coronaviruses is NOT true that;
- A. Most commonly associated with URT infections
- B. May be asymptomatic
- C. SARS is an atypical pneumonia that can be complicated with acute respiratory failure and can cause death
- D. Reinfections cannot be observed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer choice D is correct:
1. Coronaviruses can cause reinfections due to potential waning immunity.
2. Studies have shown cases of reinfections with different strains or within a short period.
3. This contradicts the notion that reinfections cannot be observed.
Summary:
A: Incorrect because some coronaviruses can cause lower respiratory tract infections.
B: Incorrect as coronaviruses can exhibit varied symptomatology including asymptomatic cases.
C: Incorrect as some coronaviruses like SARS can lead to severe pneumonia and complications.
The Wasserman reaction is markedly positive (++++) in a 30-year-old man. What infectious disease is diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction?
- A. Brucellosis
- B. Syphilis
- C. Poliomyelitis
- D. Influenza
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Syphilis. The Wasserman reaction is a test for syphilis, specifically for detecting antibodies against the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In a 30-year-old man with a markedly positive Wasserman reaction, it indicates an active syphilis infection. Brucellosis (Choice A) is not diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction. Poliomyelitis (Choice C) is a viral infection affecting the spinal cord, not diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction. Influenza (Choice D) is a respiratory viral infection, not associated with the Wasserman reaction.
Unlike eukaryotic cytoplasm, the prokaryotic one is:
- A. More complex
- B. Simpler
- C. There is no difference in the structure
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Simpler. Prokaryotic cytoplasm is simpler than eukaryotic cytoplasm because prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum that are present in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cytoplasm contains fewer components and structures compared to eukaryotic cytoplasm, making it less complex. Therefore, the prokaryotic cytoplasm is simpler in structure. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because prokaryotic cytoplasm is not more complex than eukaryotic cytoplasm, there is a clear difference in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm, and the statement "None of the above" is not accurate as the correct answer is B.