The theorist associated with scaffolding is
- A. Jean Piaget
- B. Erik Erikson
- C. Lev Vygotsky
- D. John Dewey
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vygotsky's scaffolding provides temporary support for learning.
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Which statement made by a client who has been the victim of physical abuse by her partner supports the nurse's belief that the client has developed competence?
- A. Women in my family seem to be destined to be victims.'
- B. I have the strength to leave if I ever begin to feel threatened.'
- C. My partner loves me but he has an anger management issue.'
- D. He cares about me and has promised never to hurt me again.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it demonstrates the client's understanding of her own agency and ability to take control of her situation. By acknowledging her strength to leave if she feels threatened, the client shows an awareness of her own capabilities and empowerment. This statement indicates that the client is moving towards autonomy and taking steps to ensure her safety.
Choice A reflects a sense of fatalism and resignation, which does not demonstrate competence. Choice C minimizes the abuse by attributing it to an external factor (anger management issue) rather than recognizing it as a pattern of behavior. Choice D relies on the abuser's promises rather than the client's own actions and decision-making, which does not indicate competence.
Why are cardiovascular medications, such as beta blockers and alpha-2 receptor agonists, used in patients with anxiety?
- A. Block manifestations: Tremors
- B. Palpitations
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Sweating
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Block manifestations: Tremors. Beta blockers and alpha-2 receptor agonists are used in patients with anxiety to block physical manifestations such as tremors. Beta blockers reduce the physical symptoms of anxiety by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the body, including tremors. Alpha-2 receptor agonists also help reduce physical symptoms by decreasing the release of norepinephrine. Palpitations (B), tachycardia (C), and sweating (D) are also physical symptoms of anxiety, but beta blockers and alpha-2 receptor agonists primarily target tremors in this context.
During the third week of treatment, the spouse of a patient in an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, 'After discharge, I’m sure everything will be just fine.' Which remark by the nurse will be most helpful to the spouse?
- A. It is good that you’re supportive of your spouse’s sobriety and want to help maintain it.'
- B. Although sobriety solves some problems, new ones may emerge as one adjusts to living without alcohol.'
- C. It will be important for you to structure life to avoid as much stress as possible. You will need to provide social protection.'
- D. Remember that alcoholism is a disease of self-destruction. You will need to observe your spouse’s behavior carefully.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it acknowledges the spouse's optimism while also gently highlighting the potential challenges that may arise during the recovery process. By pointing out that new problems may emerge as the patient adjusts to a life without alcohol, the nurse prepares the spouse for potential difficulties and encourages realistic expectations.
Choice A is incorrect because it only acknowledges the spouse's support without addressing the potential challenges ahead. Choice C is incorrect because it focuses solely on stress avoidance rather than preparing for the overall adjustment process. Choice D is incorrect because it emphasizes monitoring the patient's behavior rather than addressing the spouse's outlook and potential struggles.
Which of the following may make it more difficult for a lesbian woman to quit smoking?
- A. Higher rates of schizophrenia
- B. Nicotine is more addicting for women
- C. Targeting of LGBT community members by tobacco companies
- D. Fear of losing weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tobacco marketing targets LGBT communities, increasing smoking rates.
zcording to social interactional theory, human beings differ from animals because
- A. Humans are only proactive and not reactive like animals
- B. Human beings have the ability to take the role of others
- C. Human show greater affection than animals
- D. All of these are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Social interaction theory highlights humans' ability to role-take, a cognitive distinction from animals.