Nokea
The understanding of genetic influences on behavior may never be fully achieved due to ________.
- A. the ease of researching to differentiate between the effects of the environment and genes.
- B. the likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment.
- C. the reliance on twin studies in genetic research.
- D. our significant understanding of how genes impact brain chemistry.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because most behaviors are influenced by the interaction of multiple genes and the environment. Choice A is incorrect because it suggests that researching the effects of the environment and genes is easy, which is not the case. Choice C is incorrect as it focuses on a specific method (twin studies) rather than the broader concept of gene-environment interaction. Choice D is incorrect as the statement implies a high level of understanding that contradicts the idea that genetic influences on behavior may never be fully understood.
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Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is not supported by the existing data?
- A. Low SES may cause abnormal behavior.
- B. Abnormal behavior is more likely to go untreated in those of low SES.
- C. Recovery from loss of a job may be more difficult for those exhibiting signs of mental illness.
- D. High SES may cause abnormal behavior.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because high SES as a cause for abnormal behavior is not supported by existing data. Abnormal behavior is often associated with factors like stress, trauma, genetics, or environmental influences. High SES is not a known cause of abnormal behavior. Choices A, B, and C are more plausible explanations: Low SES may lead to limited access to mental health care, untreated abnormal behavior due to financial constraints, and difficulties in coping with mental health issues after job loss, respectively.
How does parenting style influence child development?
- A. Authoritative parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
- B. Permissive parenting leads to the best outcomes.
- C. Neglectful parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
- D. Authoritarian parenting is the most effective in child development.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Authoritative parenting, which balances warmth and control, is associated with the best outcomes in child development. It fosters independence, self-regulation, and social competence in children. Choice B is incorrect because permissive parenting, which is characterized by low demands and high responsiveness, may lead to issues like lack of self-discipline. Choice C is incorrect as neglectful parenting, characterized by low demands and low responsiveness, can result in various negative outcomes for the child. Choice D is incorrect because authoritarian parenting, which is high on control but low on warmth, may lead to obedience but can also stifle a child's independence and creativity.
What is a culture-bound disorder?
- A. It is a disorder seen universally across all cultures.
- B. It is a disorder that exists in one culture but is completely absent in others.
- C. It is a disorder that only affects children.
- D. It is a disorder found exclusively within certain age groups.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A culture-bound disorder is a condition that is specific to a particular culture or group of cultures and is not universally recognized or experienced across different cultures. Choice A is incorrect because a culture-bound disorder is not seen universally across all cultures. Choice C is incorrect because it does not necessarily have to only affect children. Choice D is incorrect as a culture-bound disorder is not exclusively found within certain age groups, but rather tied to specific cultures.
Neural plasticity is ________.
- A. the process by which neurotransmitters are broken down in the brain.
- B. the flexibility of the brain-existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.
- C. strong evidence of brain damage, leading to the development of a mental disorder.
- D. the best indicator of temperament and its effect on the personality development of a child.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neural plasticity refers to the brain's flexibility to change existing neural circuits or create new ones. Choice A is incorrect as it describes neurotransmitter breakdown, not neural plasticity. Choice C is incorrect because neural plasticity does not necessarily indicate brain damage leading to mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect because neural plasticity is not specifically related to temperament or personality development in children.
After cheating on her husband and feeling ashamed, Julia accused her husband of cheating. Such behavior is explained by which of the following defense mechanisms?
- A. Sublimation
- B. Displacement
- C. Projection
- D. Rationalization
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Projection. Projection is the defense mechanism where one attributes their own unacceptable feelings to others. In this scenario, Julia is projecting her feelings of guilt and shame onto her husband by accusing him of cheating. Sublimation (choice A) involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities. Displacement (choice B) is redirecting emotions from the original source to a substitute target. Rationalization (choice D) is providing logical explanations to justify unacceptable behavior, which is not applicable in this context.