Nokea
The upper motor neuron impairment produces the following change of muscles tone:
- A. flaccidity
- B. spasticity
- C. "cog wheel" rigidity
- D. myoclonia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Spasticity is the correct answer because upper motor neuron lesions typically result in increased muscle tone due to the loss of inhibitory signals from the brain. This leads to hyperreflexia, clonus, and rigidity, which are hallmark signs of spasticity. The condition arises from damage to the corticospinal tract, which disrupts the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the motor neurons.
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Trace the flow of blood for a nephron.
- A. peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole
- B. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
- C. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
- D. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct sequence is afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries. Blood enters the nephron through the afferent arteriole, is filtered in the glomerulus, exits through the efferent arteriole, and then flows into the peritubular capillaries, where reabsorption and secretion occur. This pathway ensures efficient filtration and processing of blood in the kidneys.
The home health nurse is caring for the client newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Which client issue is of most importance?
- A. The client refuses to have a gastrostomy feeding.
- B. The client wants to discuss if she should tell her fiancé.
- C. The client tells the nurse life is not worth living anymore
- D. The client needs the flu and pneumonia vaccines.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Expressing feelings of hopelessness or suicidal ideation requires immediate intervention to ensure the client's safety and provide emotional support.
Afferent nerves are called ______, and motor nerves are called ______.
- A. motor nerves; sensory nerves
- B. peripheral nerves; cranial nerves
- C. mixed nerves; motor nerves
- D. sensory nerves; efferent nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Afferent nerves are sensory nerves that carry signals toward the CNS, while efferent nerves are motor nerves that carry signals away from the CNS. Motor nerves and sensory nerves are not interchangeable terms, making D the correct answer.
Which of these is the most important cause of adult onset epilepsy?
- A. neurocysticercosis
- B. neurotoxoplasmosis
- C. primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
- D. African trypanosomiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: neurocysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis is the most common cause of adult onset epilepsy worldwide. It is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. The larvae can infect the brain and lead to seizures. Neurotoxoplasmosis (B) is more commonly associated with HIV patients. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (C) is caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri and is rare. African trypanosomiasis (D) does not typically cause epilepsy. Therefore, neurocysticercosis is the most important cause of adult onset epilepsy due to its global prevalence and direct impact on the brain leading to seizures.
A patient is being evaluated for an acute onset of a high fever, severe headache, vomiting, and a change in mental status. Which assessment finding would confirm a definitive diagnosis of meningitis?
- A. Initial Glasgow Coma Scale score <15
- B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa on blood culture
- C. Normal MRI
- D. White blood cells (WBC) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: White blood cells (WBC) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In meningitis, an infection of the meninges, the CSF will show an elevated WBC count indicating an inflammatory response. This finding is crucial for confirming the diagnosis as it directly reflects the presence of infection in the central nervous system.
A: While a Glasgow Coma Scale score <15 may indicate altered mental status, it is not specific to meningitis.
B: Pseudomonas aeruginosa on blood culture suggests a bacterial infection but does not confirm meningitis specifically.
C: A normal MRI may not show definitive signs of meningitis, as the diagnosis is primarily made through CSF analysis.