Nokea
The use of herbs has become a popular alternative to prescription drugs in today's health care milieu. During which other historical periods did health practices focus on the use of herbs?
- A. Prehistoric times and the Middle Ages
- B. Civil War period and World War I
- C. Renaissance and Reformation periods and the Colonial American period
- D. Crimean War and Civil War periods
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prehistoric times and the Middle Ages. In prehistoric times, herbs were used as the primary form of medicine. During the Middle Ages, herbal medicine continued to be prevalent due to limited medical knowledge. Other choices are incorrect because B, C, and D do not align with historical periods where herbal medicine was a dominant health practice.
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"A patient with end-stage renal disease has a potassium level of 5 mEq/L. Based on this laboratory result, the nurse interprets which symptom as significant prompting which action?
- A. Drowsiness, stimulate the patient every 30 minutes
- B. Confusion, ask the patient to state their name and date of birth
- C. Irregular heartbeat, evaluate the patient's capillary refill
- D. Muscle cramps, elevate the affected limb"
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C: Irregular heartbeat is a significant symptom of hyperkalemia, which can be life-threatening. The nurse should evaluate capillary refill to assess perfusion. High potassium levels can affect cardiac function, leading to arrhythmias. Monitoring capillary refill provides insight into tissue perfusion, helping to assess the severity of the condition and guide appropriate interventions.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Drowsiness is not a typical symptom of hyperkalemia. Stimulating the patient every 30 minutes does not address the underlying issue.
B: Confusion is not a common symptom of hyperkalemia. Asking the patient to state their name and birthdate does not address the cardiac implications of high potassium levels.
D: Muscle cramps may occur with hyperkalemia but are not as critical as irregular heartbeat. Elevating the affected limb is not the priority in this situation.
A nurse involved in researching the leading causes of death for minorities considers the federally defined minority groups, which include: (select all that apply)
- A. Blacks
- B. Russians
- C. Hispanics
- D. Asians or Pacific Islanders
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blacks. The rationale for this is that federally defined minority groups in the US typically include African Americans or Blacks. This group has historically faced disparities in healthcare access and outcomes. Russians (B) are not federally defined as a minority group in the US; Hispanics (C) and Asians or Pacific Islanders (D) are also federally recognized minority groups, but the question asks for all options that apply, and only A is explicitly mentioned in the question stem. Therefore, A is the correct answer based on the information provided.
A new nurse asks, "Since Electronic Medical Records can improve quality care by having seamless data available for a patient, why doesn't everyone just replace paper and pencil charts"? Barriers to a universal health information infrastructure include the fact that: (select all that apply)
- A. competition from individual companies to build EMR prevent a universal infrastructure.
- B. cost is prohibitive even with federal funding for larger health care systems.
- C. preventive health reminders for immunizations and yearly screenings such as mammograms are used in clinical decision making.
- D. insurance companies have halted sharing of some patient data due to fear of law suits.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because competition from individual companies to build EMR prevents a universal infrastructure. This is because different EMR systems may not be compatible with each other, hindering seamless data sharing.
Choice B is incorrect because while cost can be a barrier, federal funding can help mitigate this issue for larger healthcare systems. Choice C is incorrect because preventive health reminders are a benefit of EMR, not a barrier. Choice D is incorrect because insurance companies' fear of lawsuits does not directly impact the establishment of a universal health information infrastructure.
A patient is admitted for a hysterectomy, and the RN develops and implements the plan of care but also delegates to the LPN/LVN the responsibility of administering oral medications. While off duty, this RN receives a call requesting a change in the plan of care because the patient has developed deep vein thrombosis. The nurse who originally planned the care is practicing which type of nursing care delivery?
- A. Modular
- B. Primary
- C. Team
- D. Functional
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Primary nursing care delivery. In primary nursing, one nurse assumes 24-hour responsibility for planning, implementing, and evaluating the care of a patient. In this scenario, the RN developed and implemented the plan of care and delegated specific tasks to the LPN/LVN. The RN remains responsible for the overall care even while off duty, as evidenced by receiving a call regarding a change in the plan of care. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Modular nursing involves a team of healthcare providers working together, sharing responsibilities, and providing care collectively.
C: Team nursing involves a team of healthcare providers with different levels of expertise working collaboratively to deliver patient care.
D: Functional nursing divides tasks among different team members based on their skill sets, which is not the case in the scenario provided.
A nurse is concerned because novice nurses are having their orientation period shortened and are being placed in charge nurse positions. The nurse has documented unsafe care and decisions by these novice nurses. To be protected from retaliation by the employer, this nurse must "blow the whistle" by:
- A. holding a public forum in the agency cafeteria to discuss concerns.
- B. reporting concerns to state and/or national agencies regulating the agency.
- C. calling coworkers outside the workplace to informally discuss wrongdoing.
- D. contacting The Joint Commission to report unsafe conditions.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct:
1. Reporting concerns to state and/or national agencies is a formal and official way to blow the whistle.
2. State and national agencies have the authority to investigate and take action on reported concerns.
3. Whistleblower protection laws often cover individuals who report to regulatory agencies.
4. This action ensures the concerns are addressed at a higher level and can protect the nurse from retaliation.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
A. Holding a public forum may not provide the necessary confidentiality or protection for the nurse.
C. Informally discussing wrongdoing with coworkers may not result in formal actions to address the concerns.
D. Contacting The Joint Commission is a good option, but reporting concerns to state and/or national agencies is more direct and appropriate in this scenario.