Nokea
There are pre operative medications given to the patient. Which of the following drugs are given in order to decrease intra-operative anesthetic requirements and pain?
- A. Celebrex (celecoxib)
- B. Acetaminophen (tylenol)
- C. Ibuprofen (motrin)
- D. Demerol (Meperidine HC
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Demerol (meperidine hydrochloride) is an opioid analgesic commonly used as a preoperative medication to decrease intra-operative anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia. Opioids like Demerol act on the central nervous system to reduce pain sensations, making it an effective choice for preoperative pain management. This can help decrease the amount of anesthesia needed during surgery, leading to better pain control and overall patient comfort during and after the procedure. Celebrex, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen are also used for pain management, but they do not have the same potency and mechanism of action as opioids like Demerol for reducing intra-operative anesthetic requirements.
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Which of the following is the PRIMARY purpose of pregnancy test?
- A. It allows for counseling on nutrition.
- B. It may help in a decision to stop working at home.
- C. It enables the husband to follow the desires of the wife.
- D. It allows for early initiation of care.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary purpose of a pregnancy test is to confirm whether a woman is pregnant or not. Once pregnancy is confirmed, it is crucial for the individual to begin prenatal care as early as possible to ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery. Early initiation of care can help monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, detect any potential issues or complications early on, and provide necessary interventions or treatments. Therefore, the main objective of a pregnancy test is to enable early initiation of care for the pregnant individual.
To help the patient with his breathing difficulty, the nurse places him in which position?
- A. Prone
- B. Sim's lateral
- C. Fowler's
- D. Supine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Fowler's position is the correct position to help a patient experiencing breathing difficulty. In Fowler's position, the patient is sitting up at a 45- to 60-degree angle with the legs either straight or bent. This position allows for maximum chest expansion, helping to improve ventilation and oxygenation. It is commonly used to assist patients with respiratory distress, including difficulties with breathing. Placing the patient in Fowler's position can alleviate the feeling of breathlessness and facilitate easier breathing by promoting better lung expansion.
A postpartum client who experienced a prolonged labor and instrumental delivery expresses concerns about breastfeeding difficulties. What nursing intervention should be prioritized to support successful breastfeeding in this situation?
- A. Providing education on techniques to facilitate milk let-down reflex
- B. Recommending supplemental formula feedings to ensure adequate nutrition
- C. Encouraging the client to consider exclusive formula feeding instead of breastfeeding
- D. Referring the client to a lactation consultant for specialized support
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the situation described, where the client experienced a prolonged labor and instrumental delivery, there may be physical and emotional factors impacting breastfeeding success. A lactation consultant is a specialized healthcare provider who can assess the client's breastfeeding difficulties, offer individualized support, and provide guidance on techniques to overcome challenges such as latch issues, positioning problems, and milk supply concerns. Referring the client to a lactation consultant will help ensure that she receives expert assistance tailored to her specific needs, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful breastfeeding. This proactive approach focuses on addressing the root causes of breastfeeding difficulties and supporting the client in achieving her breastfeeding goals.
A patient presents with fever, chills, headache, and myalgia after returning from a trip to sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory tests reveal intraerythrocytic ring forms and trophozoites on blood smear examination. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Plasmodium falciparum
- B. Trypanosoma cruzi
- C. Borrelia burgdorferi
- D. Leishmania donovani
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The clinical presentation of fever, chills, headache, and myalgia following a trip to sub-Saharan Africa is highly suggestive of malaria, which is caused by the Plasmodium species. Specifically, the presence of intraerythrocytic ring forms and trophozoites on blood smear examination points towards Plasmodium falciparum as the most likely causative agent.
A patient presents with a thyroid nodule and signs of compression such as difficulty swallowing and breathing. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy reveals malignant cells with nuclear features suggestive of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- B. Graves' disease
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer that arises from follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It often presents as a thyroid nodule that can cause symptoms of compression due to its enlarging size. The compression symptoms, such as difficulty swallowing and breathing in this case, occur when the thyroid nodule becomes large enough to press on adjacent structures in the neck. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy can confirm the presence of malignant cells with nuclear features typical of papillary thyroid carcinoma, further supporting the diagnosis.