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This is a procedure where a small mesh tube is inserted into an artery to keep it open and improve blood flow.
- A. Stent placement
- B. Angioplasty
- C. Bypass surgery
- D. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stent placement. Stent placement involves inserting a mesh tube into an artery to keep it open and improve blood flow. This procedure is minimally invasive compared to bypass surgery (C) and CABG (D), which involve rerouting blood flow. Angioplasty (B) is related but specifically refers to widening the artery using a balloon catheter, not inserting a mesh tube like in stent placement. Therefore, A is the best choice for the given procedure.
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Which artery supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle, the anterior interventricular septum, the anterior papillary muscles, and apex of the heart?
- A. Left anterior descending artery
- B. Left circumflex artery
- C. Posterior descending artery
- D. Aortic artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Left anterior descending artery. This artery supplies the structures mentioned due to its location and distribution in the heart. The left anterior descending artery runs along the anterior interventricular groove and provides blood flow to the anterior wall of the left ventricle, anterior interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles, and apex of the heart. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Left circumflex artery supplies the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle.
C: Posterior descending artery supplies the inferior part of the heart.
D: Aortic artery is not a specific artery that supplies the mentioned structures.
The healthcare provider is monitoring a client on an ACE inhibitor. What lab value is most important to monitor?
- A. Potassium
- B. Sodium
- C. Creatinine
- D. Calcium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Potassium. ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia, so monitoring potassium levels is crucial to prevent potential life-threatening complications. High potassium levels can lead to cardiac arrhythmias. Sodium levels are not typically affected by ACE inhibitors. Creatinine is important to monitor for kidney function but not specific to ACE inhibitors. Calcium levels are not directly affected by ACE inhibitors.
The client on warfarin has an INR of 4.5. What is the most appropriate action by the nurse?
- A. Administer vitamin K.
- B. Hold the next dose of warfarin.
- C. Increase the dose of warfarin.
- D. Monitor the client's INR closely.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer vitamin K. When a client on warfarin has an INR of 4.5, it indicates over-anticoagulation, putting them at risk of bleeding. Vitamin K helps reverse the effects of warfarin by promoting clotting factors. Administering vitamin K will lower the INR back into the therapeutic range. Holding the next dose of warfarin (B) is not enough to rapidly reverse the effects. Increasing the dose of warfarin (C) would worsen the over-anticoagulation. Monitoring the INR closely (D) is important but not the immediate action needed for a high INR.
What diagnostic procedure uses sound waves to create images of the heart and assess its structure and function?
- A. Echocardiogram
- B. MRI
- C. CT scan
- D. X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart, providing detailed information about its structure and function in real-time. This procedure is non-invasive, safe, and commonly used to diagnose heart conditions such as valve abnormalities, heart size, and blood flow. It allows visualization of the heart chambers, valves, and blood vessels. MRI (B) and CT scan (C) use different imaging techniques and are not specifically designed to assess the heart's structure and function. X-ray (D) provides limited information about the heart compared to an echocardiogram.
Which assessment data collected from a client with chronic congestive heart failure would indicate precipitating causes?
- A. Subnormal body temp; Obesity; metabolic acidosis
- B. Peripheral hypotension, asthenia, high altitude
- C. Hyperthyroidism, bronchitis, overexertion
- D. Dry cough, orthopnea, bradycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: These factors strain the heart.