Nokea
This region of the large intestine has a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attach to its outer surface. This region is called the
- A. cecum.
- B. colon.
- C. rectum.
- D. anal canal.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colon. The colon is characterized by having a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attached to its outer surface. The cecum (A) is a pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine. The rectum (C) is the final segment of the large intestine before the anal canal (D). The anal canal is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, not simple columnar epithelium like the colon.
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What treatment for acute cholecystitis will prevent further stimulation of the gallbladder?
- A. NPO with NG suction
- B. Incisional cholecystectomy
- C. Administration of antiemetics
- D. Administration of anticholinergics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: NPO with NG suction. This treatment prevents further stimulation of the gallbladder by resting the digestive system and reducing the secretion of bile. NPO stands for "nothing by mouth," which reduces gallbladder contractions. NG suction removes stomach contents, preventing bile from reaching the gallbladder. Incisional cholecystectomy is a surgical removal of the gallbladder and not a preventive measure. Antiemetics help control nausea and vomiting but do not directly prevent gallbladder stimulation. Anticholinergics inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system but are not typically used to prevent gallbladder stimulation.
The hydrogen ions that form hydrochloric acid of the stomach come from
- A. lactic acid.
- B. carbonic acid.
- C. citric acid.
- D. acetic acid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is produced when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the stomach, forming hydrogen ions that combine with chloride ions to create hydrochloric acid. Lactic acid (A), citric acid (C), and acetic acid (D) do not directly contribute to the formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Therefore, they are incorrect choices for this question.
You were able to collect the chyme from the small intestine and isolate the various enzymes. Most of the enzymes would have been produced by the
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. small intestine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing various digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and amylases that aid in breaking down nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to further digest chyme. The stomach (A) primarily produces gastric juices, not digestive enzymes. The liver (B) produces bile, which helps in fat digestion but is not classified as an enzyme. The small intestine (D) absorbs nutrients but does not produce the majority of digestive enzymes.
The accessory digestive organs include all of the following, EXCEPT:
- A. tongue
- B. liver
- C. pancreas
- D. stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, stomach. The stomach is not considered an accessory digestive organ as it is part of the gastrointestinal tract. The accessory digestive organs aid in the digestion process but are not part of the tract itself. The tongue, liver, and pancreas are all considered accessory digestive organs as they play crucial roles in digestion, such as producing enzymes and bile. The stomach's main function is to store and break down food through mechanical and chemical digestion, making it a primary organ in the digestive system rather than an accessory one.
Which of these processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. ingestion
- B. mechanical digestion
- C. chemical digestion
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the mouth, ingestion occurs when food is taken in. Mechanical digestion occurs through chewing and mixing food with saliva. Chemical digestion begins with enzymes in saliva breaking down carbohydrates. Therefore, all processes (ingestion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion) occur in the mouth. Other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the processes that happen in the mouth.