Nokea
Through which organ do muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis?
- A. Mouth
- B. Small intestine
- C. Epiglottis
- D. Esophagus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Esophagus. Muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis in the esophagus. Peristalsis is a coordinated muscular contraction that helps move food from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus. The rhythmic contractions of the esophageal muscles create a wave-like motion that propels food downward toward the stomach for digestion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the mouth is where digestion begins but does not push food into the stomach, the small intestine is mainly responsible for absorbing nutrients, and the epiglottis is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, not involved in pushing food into the stomach.
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Which mineral is important for the formation of red blood cells?
- A. Selenium
- B. Calcium
- C. Magnesium
- D. Copper
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Copper is crucial for the formation of red blood cells as it is a component of enzymes involved in the production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, requires copper for its synthesis. A deficiency in copper can result in anemia due to insufficient production of red blood cells. Selenium, calcium, and magnesium do not play a direct role in red blood cell formation, making them incorrect choices for this question.
Which is a secondary defense for the body against pathogens?
- A. Tears
- B. Urine
- C. Inflammation
- D. Mucus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Inflammation is a secondary defense mechanism for the body against pathogens. When tissues are injured or infected, inflammation occurs as a protective response involving increased blood flow, white blood cell migration, and tissue repair. This process helps contain and eliminate pathogens, preventing them from spreading further in the body. Tears (Choice A) are a primary defense containing lysozyme and other antimicrobial agents. Urine (Choice B) is typically considered a non-specific defense mechanism due to its flushing action in the urinary tract. Mucus (Choice D) acts as a physical barrier and traps pathogens, also considered a primary defense mechanism.
What is the function of amylase?
- A. Breaking down starch
- B. Digesting fat
- C. Breaking down protein
- D. Absorbing water
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Breaking down starch. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically functions to break down starch into smaller sugar molecules such as maltose and glucose. This process is essential for the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because amylase does not digest fat, break down protein, or absorb water; its primary function lies in starch digestion.
How does the integumentary system interact with the nervous system?
- A. The integumentary system removes heat from the neurons in the nervous system.
- B. The nervous system circulates nutrients outward to the integumentary system.
- C. Touch input via the integumentary system sends messages to the nervous system.
- D. Messages from the nervous system affect the color and texture of the skin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Touch input via the integumentary system sends messages to the nervous system. The integumentary system, comprising the skin, hair, and nails, functions as a sensory organ and a protective barrier against external threats. Specialized receptors in the skin detect stimuli like pressure, temperature, and pain, transmitting signals to the nervous system for interpretation. This communication enables the perception of touch and is vital for sensory processes, showcasing the interconnectedness between the integumentary and nervous systems. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the integumentary system primarily interacts with the nervous system through sensory input and communication of stimuli, rather than heat removal, nutrient circulation, or affecting skin color and texture based on nervous system messages.
How does a transverse section divide the body?
- A. Into right and left regions
- B. Into upper and lower regions
- C. Into front and back regions
- D. Between the dorsal and ventral cavities
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A transverse section, also known as a cross-section, divides the body into upper and lower regions. This type of section cuts across the body horizontally, creating a division between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions of the body. Choice A is incorrect as dividing the body into right and left regions is typically done by a sagittal section. Choice C is incorrect as dividing the body into front and back regions is usually achieved by a frontal section. Choice D is incorrect as it refers more to the relationship between dorsal and ventral cavities rather than the actual division of the body.