Nokea
Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor:
- A. Adenylyl cyclase
- B. Sodium ions
- C. Phospholipase C
- D. cAMP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: cAMP is a classic second messenger generated by G-protein-coupled receptors via adenylyl cyclase.
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Direct renin inhibitors have the following properties. They:
- A. Are primarily generic drugs
- B. Are a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) medication that is safe during pregnancy
- C. Can be used with an angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blocker medications for stronger impact
- D. Shut down' the entire RAAS cycle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Direct renin inhibitors (e.g., aliskiren) can be combined with ACEIs or ARBs for enhanced RAAS blockade.
What is the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation?
- A. Elimination
- B. Bioavailability
- C. Metabolism
- D. Drug displacement
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation, a key pharmacokinetic parameter.
A nurse in the operating room is caring for a client who received a dose of Succinylcholine. During the operation, the client suddenly develops rigidity, and his body temperature begins to rise. The nurse should anticipate a prescription for which of the following medications?
- A. Neostigmine
- B. Naloxone
- C. Dantrolene
- D. Vecuronium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dantrolene treats malignant hyperthermia, characterized by rigidity and hyperthermia.
What does the lipid solubility of the drug influence?
- A. Absorption of the drug
- B. Metabolism of the drug
- C. Excretion of the drug
- D. Distribution of the drug
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Factors that can affect distribution include the drug's lipid solubility and ionization and the perfusion of the reactive tissue. The lipid solubility of a drug does not influence absorption, metabolism, or excretion.
The following drugs reduce mortality in congestive cardiac failure EXCEPT:
- A. Captopril
- B. Carvedilol
- C. Digoxin
- D. Enalapril
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Digoxin improves symptoms but does not reduce mortality in heart failure.