Nokea
To assure accuracy of a urine test for glucose and acetone, the nurse instructs the patient to
- A. perform the urine test one-half hour after meals and at bedtime
- B. drink three glasses of water before the test
- C. void one-half hour before the test, then at the time of the test
- D. increase carbohydrate intake if the results are negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To ensure accurate results, the patient should void before the test and then test the urine at the specified time.
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Mrs. Jones, a 46-year-old diabetic, is 5'2\ and weighs 200 lb. Which area of health-care teaching should assume greatest priority for this patient?"
- A. Exercise
- B. Foot care
- C. Diet
- D. Eye care
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diet is the priority for a patient with diabetes, especially one with a high body mass index (BMI), to help with blood sugar control and prevent complications.
A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?
- A. humoral
- B. hormonal
- C. neural
- D. positive feedback
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: neural. In this scenario, the student experiences the fight or flight response, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. The pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing are all physiological responses triggered by the activation of neural pathways in response to a perceived threat or stress. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Humoral stimuli involve changes in blood levels of certain substances triggering hormone release.
B: Hormonal stimuli involve the release of hormones in response to other hormones.
D: Positive feedback is a mechanism that amplifies a response, not directly related to the immediate physiological responses seen in this case.
Why is the posterior pituitary gland called the neurohypophysis?
- A. The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.
- B. The neurohypophysis secretes releasing hormones.
- C. The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate adenohypophyseal function.
- D. The posterior pituitary gland secretes releasing hormones.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. This connection between the two structures allows for direct neural control over hormone release.
Option B is incorrect because the neurohypophysis does not secrete releasing hormones; rather, it releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Option C is incorrect because the posterior pituitary gland does not regulate adenohypophyseal function; instead, it stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Option D is incorrect because the posterior pituitary gland does not secrete releasing hormones; it releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Each of the following types of receptors is correctly matched with the response resulting from its stimulation EXCEPT:
- A. Muscarinic receptors - decreased heart rate
- B. Nicotinic receptors - decreased gastric acid secretion
- C. Alpha adrenergic receptors - increased blood pressure
- D. Beta adrenergic receptors - bronchodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nicotinic receptors are not associated with decreased gastric acid secretion, but rather with muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. A: Muscarinic receptors stimulation leads to decreased heart rate via parasympathetic activation. C: Activation of alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. D: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation and increased heart rate. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not match the typical response of nicotinic receptors.
Identify a common function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.Which of the following hormones does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume?
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
- B. aldosterone
- C. oxytocin
- D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) all play a role in regulating blood pressure and volume. ANH promotes sodium and water excretion, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, and ADH controls water reabsorption. On the other hand, oxytocin is a hormone involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not directly related to blood pressure regulation. Therefore, oxytocin is the hormone that does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume.