Nokea
To assure accuracy of a urine test for glucose and acetone, the nurse instructs the patient to
- A. perform the urine test one-half hour after meals and at bedtime
- B. drink three glasses of water before the test
- C. void one-half hour before the test, then at the time of the test
- D. increase carbohydrate intake if the results are negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To ensure accurate results, the patient should void before the test and then test the urine at the specified time.
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Endocrine glands are different than exocrine glands in that exocrine glands:
- A. release hormones into the blood.
- B. secrete through ducts out onto the skin.
- C. affect many body organs.
- D. include the reproductive organs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts out onto the skin or into body cavities, unlike endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. This distinction is crucial as exocrine glands do not release hormones into the blood (A), do not necessarily affect many body organs (C), and are not limited to the reproductive organs (D). The unique characteristic of exocrine glands secreting through ducts sets them apart from endocrine glands.
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
- A. hepatic portal system
- B. general circulatory system
- C. hypophyseal portal system
- D. feedback loop
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hypophyseal portal system. This system involves a direct blood vessel connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland, allowing hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be rapidly transported to the anterior pituitary without being diluted in the general circulation. The hepatic portal system (A) involves blood flow from the digestive system to the liver. The general circulatory system (B) would dilute the hormones before reaching the anterior pituitary. A feedback loop (D) is a mechanism that regulates hormone levels but is not the primary mode of transportation between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
A 78-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease experiences worsening of his symptoms. He is already taking levodopa. Since the disease is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the lack of inhibition of cholinergic neurons, the addition of which medication is likely to help alleviate the patient’s symptoms?
- A. Benztropine
- B. Reserpine
- C. Doxazosin
- D. Timolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Benztropine. Benztropine is an anticholinergic medication that helps alleviate Parkinson's disease symptoms by blocking the excess activity of acetylcholine, which is increased due to the lack of dopaminergic inhibition. This leads to a rebalancing of neurotransmitters in the brain, improving motor symptoms.
Choice B: Reserpine depletes neurotransmitters including dopamine, worsening Parkinson's symptoms.
Choice C: Doxazosin is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not Parkinson's disease.
Choice D: Timolol is a beta-blocker used for glaucoma, not Parkinson's disease.
Which statement accurately describes Graves' disease?
- A. Exophthalmos occurs in Graves' disease.
- B. It is an uncommon form of hyperthyroidism.
- C. Manifestations of hyperthyroidism occur from tissue desensitization to the sympathetic nervous system.
- D. Diagnostic testing in the patient with Graves' disease will reveal an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) is a common feature of Graves' disease due to the effects of excess thyroid hormones.
Review of a patient's chart reveals that two years ago she was treated with ritodrine. Which of the following was the most likely condition or reason for which this drug was given?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Depression
- D. Premature labor
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Premature labor. Ritodrine is a tocolytic agent commonly used to inhibit premature labor by relaxing the uterine muscles. It works by decreasing the frequency and intensity of contractions, helping to delay premature delivery. Parkinson's disease (A), bronchial asthma (B), and depression (C) are not conditions typically treated with ritodrine. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder, bronchial asthma is a respiratory condition, and depression is a mental health condition. Therefore, based on the pharmacological action of ritodrine and the context of its usage, the most likely reason for which this drug was given in this case is to manage premature labor.