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To ensure accurate results of a fasting blood glucose analysis, the nurse instructs the patient to fast for at least how long?
- A. 2 hours
- B. 4 hours
- C. 8 hours
- D. 12 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A fasting blood glucose test requires the patient to fast for at least 8 hours to ensure accurate results.
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A patient presents with tiredness, weakness, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, hyperpigmentation and postural hypertension. Upon infection he appears to be in cardiogenic shock and his blood volume is depleted. His sodium levels are low, potassium levels are high. Which of the following would also be elevated?
- A. TSH
- B. T4
- C. Adrenal hormone
- D. ACTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ACTH. In this scenario, the patient is exhibiting symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, specifically Addison's disease. ACTH levels would be elevated due to the lack of negative feedback from cortisol, which is typically low in adrenal insufficiency. TSH (A) and T4 (B) would be normal or low due to the hypofunction of the adrenal gland, not the thyroid. Adrenal hormones (C) would be low in adrenal insufficiency, not elevated.
Endocrine glands release hormones:
- A. Directly into the bloodstream
- B. Directly into the tissues
- C. Directly into the skin
- D. Through the duct in the body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target organs and regulate various physiological processes. This allows for systemic effects on the body. Choices B and C are incorrect as hormones are not released directly into tissues or skin. Choice D is also incorrect as endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, not through ducts.
A patient with SIADH is treated with water restriction. What does the patient experience when the nurse determines that treatment has been effective?
- A. Increased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
- B. Increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- C. Decreased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- D. Decreased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Effective water restriction in SIADH leads to increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and a decrease in urine specific gravity due to dehydration correction.
A nurse is teaching a client regarding a hormone that is released by beta islet cells in the pancreas. Which hormone is it?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Glucagon
- C. Insulin
- D. Parathormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is _______.
- A. Androgens
- B. Follicle stimulating hormone
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Norepinephrine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Follicle stimulating hormone. The pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to regulate reproductive cells. Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and testosterone production, while follicle stimulating hormone stimulates egg development in females and sperm production in males. Choice A (Androgens) are male sex hormones produced by the testes, not by the pituitary gland. Choices C (Epinephrine) and D (Norepinephrine) are hormones produced by the adrenal glands and are not involved in regulating reproductive cells.