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To overcome her fear of balloons due to the loud sound they might make when popping, Bella must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Bella realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as?
- A. Systematic desensitization
- B. Aversion therapy
- C. Flooding
- D. Extinction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Flooding. Flooding is an exposure therapy technique where a person is exposed to their fear at full intensity until the fear subsides. In this scenario, Bella is exposed to her fear of balloons in a controlled environment until she realizes her fear is unjustified. Choice A, Systematic desensitization, involves gradual exposure to the fear stimulus paired with relaxation techniques. Choice B, Aversion therapy, aims to create a negative association with a stimulus to reduce unwanted behavior. Choice D, Extinction, refers to the gradual decrease in the strength or frequency of a conditioned response.
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When interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper, the faculty member states, 'many times, people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions.' This faculty member's views are most similar to the views held by?
- A. F. Skinner.
- B. Carl Rogers.
- C. Wilhelm Wundt.
- D. Sigmund Freud
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Sigmund Freud. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized the influence of unconscious motivations on behavior. This aligns with the faculty member's statement about people being unaware of the unconscious drives behind their actions. Choice A, F. Skinner, is incorrect because Skinner focused on observable behavior and reinforcement. Choice B, Carl Rogers, is incorrect as Rogers is associated with humanistic psychology and self-actualization, not unconscious motivations. Choice C, Wilhelm Wundt, is also incorrect as he is known for establishing the first psychology laboratory and structuralism, not unconscious motivations.
Classical and operant conditioning theories are classified under _________________, while sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory fall under ________________.?
- A. Psychodynamic; cognitive
- B. Learning; behavior modelling
- C. Behavioral; sociocultural
- D. Centration; cognitive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Classical and operant conditioning theories are forms of learning theories, making them fall under the category of cognitive theories. On the other hand, sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory are cognitive theories that focus on how individuals perceive and process information, hence correctly classified under cognitive theories. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the classifications of the specified theories.
What term refers to the awareness that other people have their own intentions, desires, wants, and motives?
- A. Theory of mind
- B. Theory of personality
- C. Theory of being
- D. Theory of awareness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Theory of mind.' Theory of mind is the understanding that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This ability allows individuals to attribute mental states to others, enabling them to understand and predict behavior based on those mental states. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not specifically address the awareness of others' intentions, desires, wants, and motives.
Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain?
- A. If all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
- B. By observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
- C. If we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
- D. If we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The functionalist perspective, as used by Dr. Lee, focuses on understanding the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. This perspective suggests that to fully comprehend pain perception, one must first grasp the significance of pain in terms of its adaptive functions and impact on behavior. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the functionalist perspective, as they do not emphasize the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, what does Piaget refer to as 'experimentation,' where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects?
- A. Short-term memory
- B. Working memory
- C. Core memories
- D. Long-term memory
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Long-term memory.' In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, Piaget refers to 'experimentation' as tertiary circular reactions, where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects. This stage involves exploring and testing different ways of interacting with the world to understand cause and effect relationships. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with Piaget's concept of tertiary circular reactions and experimentation in the sensorimotor stage of development.