Nokea
Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.
- A. cooperation
- B. nurturance
- C. competition
- D. physical attractiveness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'competition.' Parents often give boys toys that promote competition and physical activity, aligning with traditional gender roles. This emphasis on competition can help boys develop skills such as leadership, strategy, and resilience. Choice A, 'cooperation,' is incorrect because while cooperation is valuable, it is not typically emphasized through toys given to boys. Choice B, 'nurturance,' is also incorrect as nurturing qualities are not commonly associated with toys given to boys. Choice D, 'physical attractiveness,' is unrelated to the toys parents usually give their sons.
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Nine-year-old Krista gives part of her allowance to charity and collects canned goods for the food bank through her scout troop. Krista is developing __________.
- A. pride
- B. empathy
- C. guilt
- D. inferiority
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, which is a crucial social development in childhood. In this scenario, Krista's actions of giving to charity and collecting goods for the food bank demonstrate her growing empathy towards those in need. Choice A, pride, does not capture the essence of understanding and sharing others' feelings. Choice C, guilt, is not appropriate as there is no indication that Krista feels guilty about her actions. Choice D, inferiority, is unrelated to the positive behavior displayed by Krista.
According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.
- A. an internal process that occurs apart from any contact with the environment
- B. the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
- C. the ability to copy the behavior of others
- D. an organized way of making sense of experience
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is an organized way of making sense of experience. This term refers to mental structures or frameworks that help individuals interpret and understand the world around them. Choice A is incorrect because schemes are developed through interaction with the environment. Choice B refers to object permanence, a concept from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not schemes. Choice C describes observational learning, which is different from the concept of schemes in cognitive development.
The concept of ________ means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
- A. gene-environment interaction
- B. niche-picking
- C. passive correlation
- D. evocative correlation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, gene-environment interaction. This concept highlights that genetic factors play a role in how individuals react to environmental factors. Niche-picking (choice B) refers to the tendency of individuals to select environments that complement their genetic predispositions, not the inherent genetic differences in responsiveness. Passive correlation (choice C) involves the association between the genetic makeup of parents and the environment they provide for their children, not individual differences in responsiveness. Evocative correlation (choice D) relates to the idea that an individual's genetic traits can elicit certain responses from others in the environment, rather than individual differences in responsiveness.
__________ love is strong at the beginning of a relationship.
- A. Compassionate
- B. Affectionate
- C. Passionate
- D. Companionate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passionate love is characterized by intense emotions and physical attraction, which are common in the early stages of relationships. Compassionate love involves deep affection, but it develops over time based on mutual respect, trust, and intimacy. Affectionate love is warm and tender, but it may not necessarily have the intense emotions associated with passionate love. Companionate love is based on friendship, respect, and affection, but it may lack the intense emotions and physical attraction that characterize passionate love.
The information-processing perspective __________.
- A. examines separate aspects of thinking
- B. fails to consider biological influences on cognitive development
- C. applies only to children in cultures having formal schooling
- D. focuses on overall cognitive change
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The information-processing perspective focuses on how individuals process, store, and retrieve information. Choice A, 'examines separate aspects of thinking,' accurately reflects this perspective. The other choices are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because the information-processing perspective does consider biological influences on cognitive development. Choice C is incorrect as this perspective is not limited to children in cultures with formal schooling. Choice D is incorrect as the information-processing perspective does not focus on overall cognitive change, but rather on the specific processes involved in information processing.