Nokea
Use the scenario to answer questions 13-18. A patient has come to the OPD with complaints of anaesthesia and paresthesia of the lower limbs. After laboratory investigations, the doctor has diagnosed the patient with Diabetes Mellitus but failed to specify whether it is type 1 or type 2. Onset of Type 1 diabetes is characterized by:
- A. Occurs after pubertal onset in the majority of cases
- B. Occurs when parents are poor
- C. Occurs at an early age
- D. Occurs after childbirth
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes typically occurs after pubertal onset. This form of diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in individuals under the age of 30, with a peak incidence in the mid-teens to early 20s. Puberty is a period of hormonal changes and growth, which can trigger the onset of type 1 diabetes due to the stress it places on the body's insulin-producing cells.
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Which of the following are classical clinical manifestations that a patient with diabetes mellitus will exhibit EXCEPT?
- A. Polyuria
- B. Polydipsia
- C. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
The word hormone is derived from the Greek 'hormao' meaning 'I excite or arouse'. Hormones communicate this effect by their unique chemical structures recognized by specific receptors on their target cells, by their patterns of secretion, and their concentrations in the general or local circulation. Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. Producing new offspring
- B. Promoting growth and beauty
- C. Maintaining body temperature
- D. Fighting infections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Madam Esinam, a 45-year-old trader at the Kotokuraba community market, has brought her 8-year-old daughter Bubunyo to the clinic where you are working. According to her, Bubunyo eats very well but looks like her 5-year-old brother in terms of stature. What investigation would you request to give a definitive diagnosis of Bubunyo's condition?
- A. Renal and Liver function test
- B. Pancreatic function test
- C. Sedimentation rate (ESR)
- D. Growth hormone assessment
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
What advice should a school-age child with type 1 diabetes mellitus follow to prevent hypoglycemia during soccer practice?
- A. Drink a cup of orange juice before soccer practice
- B. Eat twice the amount normally eaten at lunchtime
- C. Take half the amount of prescribed insulin on practice days
- D. Take the prescribed insulin at noontime rather than in the morning
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Drinking orange juice before soccer practice is recommended to prevent hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Orange juice contains fast-acting carbohydrates that can quickly raise blood sugar levels if they drop during physical activity. Eating twice the amount normally eaten at lunchtime can lead to hyperglycemia, which is high blood sugar, rather than preventing hypoglycemia. Adjusting insulin doses should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Taking insulin at noontime rather than in the morning does not directly address preventing hypoglycemia during afternoon soccer practice.
Which statement best describes direct contact as a mode of pathogen transmission?
- A. Transmission through large aerosols produced by sneezing or coughing
- B. Transfer of an infectious agent by suspended air particles from a reservoir to a host
- C. Transmission of infectious agents carried by dust
- D. Transmission through skin-to-skin contact or body fluids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Direct contact transmission occurs when pathogens are spread through skin-to-skin contact or body fluids. This mode of transmission includes activities like touching, kissing, or sexual contact where infectious agents can pass directly from one person to another. It does not involve large aerosols, suspended air particles, or dust as carriers of the pathogen.