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Using the family stress theory as an interventional approach for working with families experiencing parenting challenges, the nurse can assist the family in selecting and altering internal context factors. Which statement best describes the components of an internal context?
- A. Biologic and genetic makeup
- B. Maturation of family members
- C. Family's perception of the event
- D. Prevailing cultural beliefs of society
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The family stress theory focuses on a family's reaction to stressful events. Internal context factors include elements that the family can control, like perceptions, family structure, and values. The family's perception of the event directly influences how they cope with it.
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What is a risk factor for breast cancer?
- A. menarche at age 15
- B. family history of diabetes
- C. alcohol use of at least 2 drinks per day
- D. history of three vaginal births by age 25
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: alcohol use of at least 2 drinks per day. Alcohol consumption has been consistently linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Alcohol can raise estrogen levels in the body, thereby increasing the risk of developing breast cancer. Menarche at age 15 (choice A) is not a risk factor as early menarche is associated with a slightly decreased risk. Family history of diabetes (choice B) and history of three vaginal births by age 25 (choice D) are not directly linked to breast cancer risk.
What is the importance of obtaining informed consent for a number of contraceptive methods?
- A. Contraception is an invasive procedure that requires hospitalization.
- B. The method may require a surgical procedure to insert a device.
- C. The contraception method chosen may be unreliable.
- D. The method chosen has potentially dangerous side effects.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: It's essential to provide informed consent as some contraceptive methods carry side effects or risks, allowing the client to make an educated choice regarding the method.
In which step of the nursing process does the nurse determine the appropriate interventions for the identified nursing diagnosis?
- A. Planning
- B. Evaluation
- C. Assessment
- D. Intervention
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the nursing process, planning is the step where the nurse determines appropriate interventions for the identified nursing diagnosis. Firstly, in the assessment step (choice C), the nurse collects data to identify the nursing diagnosis. Next, in the diagnosis step, the nurse analyzes the data to identify the nursing diagnosis. Then, in the planning step (choice A), the nurse develops a plan of care that includes specific interventions to address the nursing diagnosis. Finally, in the intervention step (choice D), the nurse implements the planned interventions. Evaluation (choice B) is the step where the nurse assesses the effectiveness of the interventions. Therefore, choice A is correct as it is the step where the nurse determines the appropriate interventions based on the identified nursing diagnosis.
While interviewing a 31-year-old woman before her routine gynecologic examination the nurse collects data about the client's recent menstrual cycles. Which statement by the client should prompt the nurse to collect further information?
- A. My menstrual flow lasts 5 to 6 days
- B. My flow is very heavy
- C. The length of my menstrual cycles varies from 26 to 29 days
- D. I have had a small amount of spotting midway between my periods for the past 2 months
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) requires further investigation as it could indicate an underlying condition. A menstrual cycle of 5-6 days or slight spotting midway are normal.
The nurse is assessing a 25-year-old female patient when the patient becomes tearful. The patient states that she has thin milky discharge from her nipples and two small masses on her left breast. She has lost over 40 pounds in the past year due to intensive exercises and finds that she needs to wear a sports bra during her sessions. The patient states that she is afraid that she will become the first member of her family to have breast cancer. Besides a negative mammogram, what other symptoms would correlate with this being a benign finding? Select all that apply.
- A. Milky discharge from nipples
- B. Extensive weight loss
- C. Painful masses
- D. Mood swings
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Milky discharge from nipples. Milky discharge from nipples is often a benign finding and can be related to hormonal changes or medications. In this case, the patient's description of thin milky discharge in the context of her age, weight loss, and fear of breast cancer makes it more likely to be benign. The other choices are incorrect because extensive weight loss and painful masses could be concerning signs of malignancy, and mood swings are not directly related to breast cancer diagnosis. Therefore, the presence of milky discharge from the nipples in this patient's case would be more indicative of a benign finding.