Nokea
Weight, height, length is
- A. Ordinal scale
- B. Interval scale
- C. Ratio scale
- D. Nominal scale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Weight, height, and length are ratio scales as they have a true zero point and allow for meaningful ratios.
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Define in your own words the term 'secular changes'.
- A. Long-term trends in disease patterns over years or decades.
- B. Short-term fluctuations in health data.
- C. Changes in healthcare policies.
- D. Seasonal variations in disease incidence.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Secular changes refer to long-term trends in disease patterns, often spanning years or decades, and are distinct from short-term or seasonal variations.
Discuss the possible long-term and short-term effects that farm workers may experience when they are exposed to organophosphate pesticides.
- A. Short-term: nausea, headaches; Long-term: neurological damage.
- B. Short-term: increased energy; Long-term: improved cognition.
- C. Short-term: weight gain; Long-term: enhanced immune function.
- D. Short-term: improved vision; Long-term: heightened sensory perception.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Organophosphates cause acute cholinergic symptoms and chronic neurological damage due to enzyme inhibition.
Identify the type of study design described: Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in the city telephone directory. Each person was asked to provide his or her age, sex, and smoking habits and to describe the presence of any respiratory symptoms during the preceding 7 days.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This survey-based approach is characteristic of a cross-sectional study.
Common methods of identifying additional cases (expanding surveillance) as part of an outbreak investigation include:
- A. Advising the public through newspapers, TV, radio, and the health department's website to contact the local health department
- B. Asking case-patients who they were with at the time of exposure (if known)
- C. Sending a fax to healthcare providers
- D. Telephoning the infection control practitioners at local hospitals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Public advisories help identify potential cases and expand surveillance effectively.
The statistical analysis of two unrelated big data (n=200) is by:
- A. A paired t-test
- B. Chi-square test
- C. Z-test
- D. Unpaired test
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Unpaired tests compare means between two independent large samples.