Nokea
What accurately describes the pathophysiology of CAD?
- A. Partial or total occlusion of the coronary artery occurs during the stage of raised fibrous plaque
- B. Endothelial alteration may be caused by chemical irritants such as hyperlipidemia or by tobacco use
- C. Collateral circulation in the coronary circulation is more likely to be present in the young patient with CAD
- D. The leading theory of atherogenesis proposes that infection and fatty dietary intake are the basic underlying causes of atherosclerosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endothelial damage initiates plaque formation.
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What is the condition where the blood flow through the coronary arteries is reduced or blocked, leading to chest pain or heart attack?
- A. Coronary artery disease
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease is the condition where there is reduced blood flow or blockage in the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle. This can lead to chest pain (angina) or a heart attack. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the arteries, which is a major cause of coronary artery disease. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the arteries in the lungs, not the coronary arteries supplying the heart. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, not related to the coronary arteries. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the specific condition described in the question.
If Mr. Cook does not take his hydrochlorothiazide every day because it causes nocturia, it would be important to first
- A. tell him that you understand but that he must take the medicine as prescribed
- B. discuss the role of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension
- C. ascertain how much medicine he is taking as well as what time of the day he takes his diuretic
- D. encourage more potassium in his diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Understanding the timing and dosage helps tailor interventions.
A patient uses a mixed β-adrenergic blocking drug for treatment of migraine headaches. What effect might this drug have on BP and why?
- A. Decreased BP due to reduced cardiac output
- B. Increased BP due to unopposed α-adrenergic activity
- C. No effect on BP
- D. Decreased BP due to vasodilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: β-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility, lowering BP.
What is a severe and often sudden allergic reaction that can lead to breathing difficulties and anaphylactic shock?
- A. Anaphylaxis
- B. Allergic rhinitis
- C. Bronchospasm
- D. Asthma attack
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe and sudden allergic reaction that can lead to breathing difficulties and anaphylactic shock due to the body's extreme immune response. Allergic rhinitis (B) is a milder allergic reaction affecting the nose and eyes. Bronchospasm (C) is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the airways, often associated with asthma. Asthma attack (D) refers to the exacerbation of asthma symptoms but does not necessarily involve anaphylactic shock.
Which serum enzyme would elevate first after an infarction?
- A. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
- B. Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH)
- C. Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (CPK-MB)
- D. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: CPK-MB rises early after MI onset.