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What are glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts called?
- A. Exocrine glands
- B. Endocrine glands
- C. Apocrine glands
- D. Merocrine glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts. This allows the hormones to be distributed throughout the body to target organs or tissues. Exocrine glands, on the contrary, release their secretions through ducts to the external environment or onto a surface, such as sweat glands. Apocrine and merocrine glands are both types of exocrine glands that release their secretions through different mechanisms. Apocrine glands release their secretions along with portions of the cell itself, while merocrine glands release their secretions through exocytosis without loss of cellular material.
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What is the process of making copies of DNA called?
- A. Transcription
- B. Translation
- C. Replication
- D. DNA repair
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. It involves the creation of mRNA molecules from a DNA template.
B) Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA. During translation, the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.
C) Replication is the process of making copies of DNA. This process occurs before cell division and ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.
D) DNA repair is a cellular mechanism that corrects errors in DNA that arise due to various factors such as exposure to mutagens or mistakes during DNA replication. It is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genetic material.
What is the medical term for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
- A. Nephritis
- B. Cystitis
- C. Urethritis
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The medical term specifically used to refer to a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder is cystitis. Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys, and urethritis refers to inflammation of the urethra. As such, cystitis is the correct term for a UTI, making choice B the right answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they refer to different conditions affecting the urinary system.
Differentiate between the digestive and respiratory systems.
- A. Mouth
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Lungs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - Lungs. The mouth, stomach, and small intestine are all components of the digestive system, which is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb. On the other hand, the lungs are part of the respiratory system, which facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment through breathing. While the digestive system processes food for energy and nutrients, the respiratory system is primarily focused on the exchange of gases necessary for cellular respiration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are all organs associated with the digestive system and do not pertain to the respiratory system.
What is the process by which a large, unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy?
- A. Alpha decay
- B. Beta decay
- C. Gamma decay
- D. Nuclear fission
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nuclear fission is the correct answer. It is the process in which a large, unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy. Alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay involve the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays, respectively. These decay processes do not result in the splitting of a nucleus like nuclear fission does.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
- A. A network of tubules that transport proteins and lipids throughout the cell
- B. A sac-like structure that stores water and nutrients
- C. The site of protein synthesis
- D. The site of cellular respiration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A) The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules that are involved in the transport of proteins and lipids throughout the cell. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, folding, and transport within the cell. The ER can be further divided into rough ER, which has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, which is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification. Therefore, option A is the most accurate description of the endoplasmic reticulum compared to the other options provided.
B) A sac-like structure that stores water and nutrients does not accurately describe the endoplasmic reticulum. While some organelles like vacuoles or vesicles may store water and nutrients, the ER's primary function is not storage.
C) The site of protein synthesis is partially