Nokea
What are protective factors? Give an example of one and explain how it can impact a person's later functioning.
- A. Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making adverse consequences less likely.
- B. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which may lead to resilience.
- C. Protective factors usually lead to resilience, the ability to adapt successfully to stressful circumstances.
- D. Protective factors always prevent the development of psychopathology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which can foster resilience in individuals. Resilience allows individuals to adapt successfully to stressful situations. Choice A is incorrect as protective factors do not always prevent adverse consequences but reduce their likelihood. Choice C is incorrect as resilience is the outcome of protective factors, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as while protective factors can reduce the risk of psychopathology, they do not always prevent its development.
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Children raised in orphanages tend to have ________.
- A. more cortical gray matter than those raised by their parents.
- B. less cortical gray matter than those raised by their parents.
- C. more friendships than those raised by their parents.
- D. fewer friendships than those raised by their parents.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'less cortical gray matter than those raised by their parents.' Studies have shown that children raised in orphanages tend to have less cortical gray matter compared to those raised by their parents. This is due to the lack of individualized care, attention, and stimulation that can negatively impact brain development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because there is no direct correlation between cortical gray matter and the number of friendships when comparing children raised in orphanages and those raised by their parents.
Which term describes the conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder?
- A. Necessary causes
- B. Contributory causes
- C. Sufficient causes
- D. Protective factors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Sufficient causes.' Sufficient causes are conditions that alone are enough to guarantee the occurrence of a disorder. Necessary causes refer to factors that must be present for the disorder to occur but are not enough on their own. Contributory causes increase the likelihood of a disorder but are not enough to cause it by themselves. Protective factors are conditions that reduce the likelihood of a disorder occurring.
What is the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology?
- A. The idea that stress is the primary cause of psychopathology.
- B. A model that focuses solely on genetic predispositions.
- C. A theory that involves only environmental factors in the development of disorders.
- D. A person must have both a vulnerability for a disorder and exposure to stressors to develop the disorder.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The diathesis-stress model of psychopathology posits that individuals must have a vulnerability or predisposition to a disorder (diathesis) and be exposed to stressful environmental factors for the disorder to manifest. This model emphasizes the interaction between genetic or biological vulnerabilities (diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because the model does not suggest that stress is the sole cause of psychopathology. Choice B is incorrect as the model considers both genetic predispositions and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect because the diathesis-stress model acknowledges the role of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of disorders.
Down syndrome is caused by ________
- A. a chemical imbalance.
- B. a gene on the X chromosome.
- C. possessing an extra X chromosome.
- D. possessing an extra chromosome in chromosome 21.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by possessing an extra chromosome in chromosome 21, not a chemical imbalance (choice A), a gene on the X chromosome (choice B), or possessing an extra X chromosome (choice C). The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21, leads to the characteristic features and health problems associated with Down syndrome.
Defense mechanisms ________.
- A. make a person feel more anxious and have more problems, as they begin to act defensively.
- B. are strategies the id uses to try to achieve its desires.
- C. are conscious, intentional attempts to cope effectively with an anxiety-producing event.
- D. help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because defense mechanisms aim to reduce anxiety but can lead to distortion of reality, making them not always beneficial. Choice A is incorrect as defense mechanisms are meant to reduce anxiety, not increase it. Choice B is incorrect because defense mechanisms are not strategies of the id specifically. Choice C is incorrect as defense mechanisms are often unconscious and not always intentional.