Nokea
What are the components of the male internal genitalia and their functions?
- A. Prostate gland: produces hormones
- B. Testes: produce sperm and testosterone
- C. Epididymis: stores and matures sperm
- D. Urethra: conducts urine and semen out of the body
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The testes play a crucial role in male reproduction by producing sperm and testosterone. Sperm production is essential for fertility, while testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The epididymis functions to store and mature sperm, allowing them to become motile. The prostate gland, not listed among the choices, secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. The urethra serves the purpose of conducting both urine and semen out of the body, enabling the excretion of waste and reproductive fluids.
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What is the muscular tube that connects the outer surface to the cervix in a woman's birth canal referred to as?
- A. The uterus
- B. The cervix
- C. The vagina
- D. The ovaries
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'The vagina.' The muscular tube that connects the outer surface to the cervix in a woman's birth canal is called the vagina. The vagina serves as the passageway for menstrual flow, sexual intercourse, and childbirth. The cervix, not the uterus, connects the vagina to the uterus. The ovaries, on the other hand, are the organs responsible for producing eggs and female hormones, but they are not the muscular tube connecting the outer surface to the cervix in the birth canal.
Which of the following nucleic acids carries the genetic information copied from DNA to the ribosomes?
- A. DNA
- B. mRNA
- C. rRNA
- D. tRNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mRNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic information copied from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. mRNA serves as a temporary copy of the genetic instructions stored in DNA and acts as a messenger between the nucleus and ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. While rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) play essential roles in the process of translation at the ribosomes, mRNA is the nucleic acid directly involved in carrying the genetic code for protein synthesis. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as DNA is the original genetic material, rRNA is a component of the ribosomes, and tRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis, respectively.
Which organ in the human body is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Pancreas
- D. Heart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products and excess substances, producing urine as a result. The liver plays a role in detoxification and metabolism. The pancreas is involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation. The heart pumps blood throughout the body but does not filter blood or produce urine.
Which types of glial cells are in the PNS?
- A. Schwann cells, satellite cells
- B. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
- C. Microglia, ependymal cells
- D. Satellite cells, oligodendrocytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, which includes Schwann cells and satellite cells as the types of glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system. Schwann cells support neurons and myelinate axons, while satellite cells provide structural support and regulate the microenvironment around neurons in the PNS. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they refer to glial cell types that are typically found in the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are primarily located in the CNS, where they perform functions such as providing structural support and forming the blood-brain barrier. Microglia are immune cells found in the CNS responsible for immune defense and maintenance of neural environment, while ependymal cells line the cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord, contributing to the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Where does the digestion of food start?
- A. Esophagus
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Mouth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is the mouth. Digestion begins in the mouth where mechanical breakdown occurs through chewing, and chemical breakdown begins with saliva. Enzymes in saliva start breaking down carbohydrates, initiating the digestion process. The esophagus is responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the stomach and does not play a role in the digestion process. The stomach continues the digestion process after the food leaves the mouth. The small intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients from the digested food, rather than being the initial site of digestion.