Nokea
What are the most effective strategies to reduce the risk of preterm labor in high-risk pregnancies?
- A. Bed rest
- B. Progesterone therapy
- C. Cervical cerclage
- D. Increased hydration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Progesterone therapy is evidence-based and effective in reducing preterm labor in high-risk pregnancies.
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Achalasia is a risk factor for
- A. Squamous cell carcinoma
- B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- C. Esophageal atrophy
- D. Malabsorption syndromes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, resulting in difficulty swallowing and impaired movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. Patients with achalasia have an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. This risk is due to chronic inflammation, stasis of food in the esophagus, and increased exposure of esophageal mucosa to irritants, all of which can contribute to the development of cancer over time. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Choice B) is less likely to be associated with achalasia because the impaired esophageal motility in achalasia results in decreased, rather than increased, reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. Esophageal atrophy (Choice C) and malabsorption syndromes (Choice D) are not directly related to achalasia.
Which one of the following is a cause of oligohydramnios?
- A. Absence of fetal urine production
- B. Excessive fetal urine production
- C. Blockage of the fetal gastro-intestinal tract
- D. Dizygotic twinning thus twin to twin transfusion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oligohydramnios can result from fetal kidney problems, leading to lack of urine production.
Ms. Carpenter is a 28-year-old female who presents in significant pain she indicates that the discomfort is in the right lower quadrant. The discomfort is colicky in nature and has the patient in tears. Which of the following associated findings increases the index of suspicion for ureteral colic?
- A. Temperature > 102°F
- B. White blood cell count > 14,000 cells/µL
- C. Vomiting
- D. Hematuria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hematuria (blood in the urine) is a common associated finding in ureteral colic. The presence of blood in the urine suggests that there may be damage or irritation to the urinary tract, typically caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the ureter. Along with the sharp, colicky pain in the right lower quadrant, the presence of hematuria significantly raises the suspicion for ureteral colic.
Mechanism of labour in left Sacro-anterior position (breech):
- A. Flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation
- B. Descent, engagement, flexion, internal rotation
- C. Flexion, external rotation, descent, expulsion
- D. Extension, flexion, engagement, delivery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The mechanism includes flexion, internal rotation, and extension of the breech baby.
Vasa praevia occurs when there is a
- A. Velamentous insertion of the cord
- B. Succenturiate insertion of the cord
- C. Tripartite cord
- D. Bipartite cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vasa praevia occurs with a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord.