Nokea
When resuscitating an asphyxiated baby, the purpose of ensuring adequate ventilation prior to administration of sodium bicarbonate is because
- A. The drug decreases carbon dioxide tension
- B. The drug increases carbon dioxide tension
- C. The drug is effective in the correction of metabolic acidosis
- D. The drug is effective in the correction of metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate is used to correct metabolic acidosis, not to influence carbon dioxide levels directly.
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What are the most effective strategies to reduce the risk of preterm labor in high-risk pregnancies?
- A. Bed rest
- B. Progesterone therapy
- C. Cervical cerclage
- D. Increased hydration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Progesterone therapy is evidence-based and effective in reducing preterm labor in high-risk pregnancies.
Mrs. Maroldo is an 81-year-old female who presents for evaluation of pain in her left lower quadrant. She has had this pain before and says she usually takes antibiotics and it goes away. However, this time it seems worse, and she has had it for 4 days even though she says she started taking her leftover antibiotics from the last episode. She denies any nausea or vomiting but says she simply isnt hungry. She had a little diarrhea yesterday but no bowel movements today. She has a temperature of 100.9F and a pulse of 104 bpm, respirations of 20 breaths per minute, and a blood pressure of 9460 mm Hg. She has some discomfort to deep palpation in the left lower quadrant. The AGACNP suspects
- A. Irritable bowel syndrome
- B. Inflammatory bowel disease
- C. Diverticulitis
- D. Appendicitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mrs. Maroldo's presentation with left lower quadrant pain, fever, elevated heart rate, history of previous episodes of similar pain that improved with antibiotics, and recent diarrhea are all concerning for diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is an infection or inflammation of small pouches that can form in the wall of the colon, known as diverticula. The symptoms typically include localized abdominal pain, fever, elevated heart rate, and changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea or constipation. The discomfort to deep palpation in the left lower quadrant indicates inflammation in that area. The presence of fever, elevated heart rate, and low blood pressure suggests an infectious process requiring urgent evaluation and treatment. Further diagnostic tests such as a CT scan may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of the inflammation. Appendicitis can also present with abdominal pain, but the location of the pain in the left lower quadrant makes diverticul
Ms. Carpenter is a 28-year-old female who presents in significant pain she indicates that the discomfort is in the right lower quadrant. The discomfort is colicky in nature and has the patient in tears. Which of the following associated findings increases the index of suspicion for ureteral colic?
- A. Temperature > 102°F
- B. White blood cell count > 14,000 cells/µL
- C. Vomiting
- D. Hematuria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hematuria (blood in the urine) is a common associated finding in ureteral colic. The presence of blood in the urine suggests that there may be damage or irritation to the urinary tract, typically caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the ureter. Along with the sharp, colicky pain in the right lower quadrant, the presence of hematuria significantly raises the suspicion for ureteral colic.
Ms. Kweke, 17 years, Para 0+0, obstructed labour: a) Define obstructed labour
- A. Uterine contractions without cervical dilation
- B. Any abnormal fetal presentation during labour
- C. Failure of the fetus to descend through the birth canal despite adequate uterine contractions
- D. Prolonged labour with normal fetal presentation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Obstructed labour is failure of the fetus to descend through the birth canal despite adequate uterine contractions.
A definitive indication for elective caesarean section includes
- A. Cord prolapse denoted in first stage
- B. Failure of first stage to progress
- C. Major degree of placenta praevia
- D. Fetal compromise denoted in first stage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A major degree of placenta praevia is a definitive indication for elective cesarean section.